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target has curated data in GtoImmuPdb
Target id: 2743
Nomenclature: cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CD152)
Abbreviated Name: CTLA-4
Gene and Protein Information  |
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| Species | TM | AA | Chromosomal Location | Gene Symbol | Gene Name | Reference |
| Human | 1 | 223 | 2q33.2 | CTLA4 | cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4 | |
| Mouse | 1 | 223 | 1 30.58 cM | Ctla4 | cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 | |
| Rat | - | 223 | 9q31 | Ctla4 | cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 | |
| Previous and Unofficial Names |
| ICOS | cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 |
| Database Links |
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| Alphafold | P16410 (Hs), P09793 (Mm) |
| CATH/Gene3D | 2.60.40.10 |
| ChEMBL Target | CHEMBL2364164 (Hs) |
| DrugBank Target | P16410 (Hs) |
| Ensembl Gene | ENSG00000163599 (Hs), ENSMUSG00000026011 (Mm), ENSRNOG00000054129 (Rn) |
| Entrez Gene | 1493 (Hs), 12477 (Mm), 63835 (Rn) |
| Human Protein Atlas | ENSG00000163599 (Hs) |
| KEGG Gene | hsa:1493 (Hs), mmu:12477 (Mm), rno:63835 (Rn) |
| OMIM | 123890 (Hs) |
| Pharos | P16410 (Hs) |
| RefSeq Nucleotide | NM_005214 (Hs), NM_009843 (Mm), NM_031674 (Rn) |
| RefSeq Protein | NP_005205 (Hs), NP_033973 (Mm), NP_113862 (Rn) |
| UniProtKB | P16410 (Hs), P09793 (Mm) |
| Wikipedia | CTLA4 (Hs) |
| Natural/Endogenous Ligands |
| Comments: T cell-expressed CTLA-4 binds the costimulatory molecules CD80 (Kd 208 nM) and CD86 (Kd 2000 nM) on antigen presenting cells [6]. These binding affiities were measured using surface plasmon resonance, using immobilised CD80 or CD86 and monomeric CTLA-4 in the mobile phase, but the endogenous interactions are modulated by receptor (CD80 and CD86) oligomerisation and ligand (CTLA-4) dimerisation [6]. |
Download all structure-activity data for this target as a CSV file 
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| Antibody Comments | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Agenus have a next-generation, Fc-engineered antagonistic anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal, coded AGEN1181, in their development pipeline. Modifications within the Fc region of the antibody (which interacts with Fcγ receptors on other immune cells, such as antigen-presenting cells) were included to enhance antitumour immunity [16]. As of April 2019 AGEN1181 is beginning Phase 1 evaluation in subjects with advanced solid tumours (see NCT03860272). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Immunopharmacology Comments |
| CTLA-4 is expressed almost exclusively on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. It functions as an immune checkpoint providing an inhibitory signal as a balance to stimulatory signals of the immune response i.e. it plays a crucial role in the maintenance of T cell homeostasis [12]. It binds to CD80/86 on antigen-presenting cells and blocks co-stimulation of both the T cells and AP cells. The discovery that CTLA-4 retains its biological activity in soluble form paved the way for the development of CTLA-4 fusion proteins which now have proven efficacy as therapeutics in autoimmune diseases and organ rejection. The approved drugs abatacept (1st generation) and belatacept (2nd generation) are CTLA-4-Ig fusion proteins that are approved for clinical indications (rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis and prophylaxis of organ rejection respectively), but their use, and in particular their route of adminisatration (predominantly i.v.), is limited by their molecular stability and pharmacokinetics. To overcome such limitations CTLA-4 fusion proteins with optimised affinity, selectivity, stability, FcRn binding, and superior in vivo efficacy are being developed [2,5,13]. Anti-CTLA-4 antibodies are in development for immuno-oncology potential. One example is HBM4003, a fully human, next-generation (heavy chain only) anti-CTLA-4 biologic in Harbour Biomed's product pipeline that is just beginning Phase 1 safety, tolerability and dose-finding evaluation in patients with advanced solid tumours (Nov 2019: NCT04135261). |
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| Clinically-Relevant Mutations and Pathophysiology
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| Gene Expression and Pathophysiology Comments | |
| Verma et al. (2017) provide a review of the role of CTLA-4 mutations in immune deficiency and autoimmune diseases, and discuss how understanding the normal biology of this protein is helping to direct rational therapeutic development [15]. Patients with immune dysregulation caused by defective expression of the LRBA gene (Uniprot P50851) have a reduced level of CTLA-4 protein. Their symptoms are responsive to abatacept CTLA-4 'replacement' therapy [11]. Identification of LRBA mutations underlying common variable immunodeficiency with autoimmunity (CVID8) is reported in [3], [4] and [11]. Alangari et al. (2012) [1] and Lo et al. (2015) [11] noted decreased CTLA-4 expression in these patients. |
| General Comments |
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CTLA-4 is genetically linked to and evolutionarily related to CD28 [10]. This protein contains an immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain that resembles the antibody variable domain, that has been coined the 'V-set domain'. The genes for all human V-set domain containing proteins are listed in HGNC gene group 590. |
1. Alangari A, Alsultan A, Adly N, Massaad MJ, Kiani IS, Aljebreen A, Raddaoui E, Almomen AK, Al-Muhsen S, Geha RS et al.. (2012) LPS-responsive beige-like anchor (LRBA) gene mutation in a family with inflammatory bowel disease and combined immunodeficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 130 (2): 481-8.e2. [PMID:22721650]
2. Bernett MJ, Chu SY, Leung I, Moore GL, Lee SH, Pong E, Chen H, Phung S, Muchhal US, Horton HM et al.. (2013) Immune suppression in cynomolgus monkeys by XPro9523: an improved CTLA4-Ig fusion with enhanced binding to CD80, CD86 and neonatal Fc receptor FcRn. MAbs, 5 (3): 384-96. [PMID:23549103]
3. Burns SO, Zenner HL, Plagnol V, Curtis J, Mok K, Eisenhut M, Kumararatne D, Doffinger R, Thrasher AJ, Nejentsev S. (2012) LRBA gene deletion in a patient presenting with autoimmunity without hypogammaglobulinemia. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 130 (6): 1428-32. [PMID:22981790]
4. Charbonnier LM, Janssen E, Chou J, Ohsumi TK, Keles S, Hsu JT, Massaad MJ, Garcia-Lloret M, Hanna-Wakim R, Dbaibo G et al.. (2015) Regulatory T-cell deficiency and immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked-like disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in LRBA. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 135 (1): 217-27. [PMID:25468195]
5. Douthwaite J, Moisan J, Privezentzev C, Soskic B, Sabbah S, Cohen S, Collinson A, England E, Huntington C, Kemp B et al.. (2017) A CD80-Biased CTLA4-Ig Fusion Protein with Superior In Vivo Efficacy by Simultaneous Engineering of Affinity, Selectivity, Stability, and FcRn Binding. J Immunol, 198 (1): 528-537. [PMID:27881707]
6. Greene JL, Leytze GM, Emswiler J, Peach R, Bajorath J, Cosand W, Linsley PS. (1996) Covalent dimerization of CD28/CTLA-4 and oligomerization of CD80/CD86 regulate T cell costimulatory interactions. J Biol Chem, 271 (43): 26762-71. [PMID:8900156]
7. Halk EL, Korman AJ, Lonberg N. (2001) Human ctla-4 antibodies and their uses. Patent number: WO2001014424. Assignee: Medarex Inc. Priority date: 24/08/1999. Publication date: 01/03/2001.
8. Hanson DC, Neveu MJ, Mueller EE, Hanke JH, Gilman SC, Davis CG, Corvalan JR. (2004) Human monoclonal antibodies to CTLA-4. Patent number: US6682736 B1. Assignee: Abgenix, Inc., Pfizer Inc.. Priority date: 22/12/1998. Publication date: 27/01/2004.
9. Korman AJ, Halk EL, Lonberg NL, Deo YM, Keler TP. (2006) Human CTLA-4 antibodies. Patent number: US6984720B1. Assignee: Medarex LLC. Priority date: 24/08/2000. Publication date: 10/01/2006.
10. Linsley PS, Ledbetter JA. (1993) The role of the CD28 receptor during T cell responses to antigen. Annu Rev Immunol, 11: 191-212. [PMID:8386518]
11. Lo B, Zhang K, Lu W, Zheng L, Zhang Q, Kanellopoulou C, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Fritz JM, Marsh R et al.. (2015) AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE. Patients with LRBA deficiency show CTLA4 loss and immune dysregulation responsive to abatacept therapy. Science, 349 (6246): 436-40. [PMID:26206937]
12. McCoy KD, Le Gros G. (1999) The role of CTLA-4 in the regulation of T cell immune responses. Immunol Cell Biol, 77 (1): 1-10. [PMID:10101680]
13. Oshima S, Fujii Y, Karrer EE, Takamura F, Chapin SJ, Neighbors M, Viswanathan S, Devens BH, Higashi Y, Mizuhara H. (2016) Immunosuppressive effect of ASP2408, a novel CD86-selective variant of CTLA4-Ig, in rats and cynomolgus monkeys. Int Immunopharmacol, 40: 310-317. [PMID:27662596]
14. Pang X, Huang Z, Zhong T, Zhang P, Wang ZM, Xia M, Li B. (2023) Cadonilimab, a tetravalent PD-1/CTLA-4 bispecific antibody with trans-binding and enhanced target binding avidity. MAbs, 15 (1): 2180794. [PMID:36872527]
15. Verma N, Burns SO, Walker LSK, Sansom DM. (2017) Immune deficiency and autoimmunity in patients with CTLA-4 (CD152) mutations. Clin Exp Immunol, 190 (1): 1-7. [PMID:28600865]
16. Waight JD, Chand D, Dietrich S, Gombos R, Horn T, Gonzalez AM, Manrique M, Swiech L, Morin B, Brittsan C et al.. (2018) Selective FcγR Co-engagement on APCs Modulates the Activity of Therapeutic Antibodies Targeting T Cell Antigens. Cancer Cell, 33 (6): 1033-1047.e5. [PMID:29894690]
CD molecules: cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CD152). Last modified on 31/10/2023. Accessed on 19/04/2024. IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/ObjectDisplayForward?objectId=2743.
