Testicular receptors (nomenclature as agreed by the NC-IUPHAR Subcommittee on Nuclear Hormone Receptors [1]) have yet to be officially paired with an endogenous ligand, although testicular receptor 4 has been reported to respond to retinoids.

* Key recommended reading is highlighted with an asterisk

* Benoit G, Cooney A, Giguere V, Ingraham H, Lazar M, Muscat G, Perlmann T, Renaud JP, Schwabe J, Sladek F, Tsai MJ, Laudet V. (2006) International Union of Pharmacology. LXVI. Orphan nuclear receptors. Pharmacol. Rev., 58 (4): 798-836. [PMID:17132856]

Duez H, Staels B. (2009) Rev-erb-alpha: an integrator of circadian rhythms and metabolism. J. Appl. Physiol., 107 (6): 1972-80. [PMID:19696364]

* Germain P, Staels B, Dacquet C, Spedding M, Laudet V. (2006) Overview of nomenclature of nuclear receptors. Pharmacol. Rev., 58 (4): 685-704. [PMID:17132848]

Huang P, Chandra V, Rastinejad F. (2010) Structural overview of the nuclear receptor superfamily: insights into physiology and therapeutics. Annu. Rev. Physiol., 72: 247-72. [PMID:20148675]

Phelan CA, Gampe RT, Lambert MH, Parks DJ, Montana V, Bynum J, Broderick TM, Hu X, Williams SP, Nolte RT, Lazar MA. (2010) Structure of Rev-erbalpha bound to N-CoR reveals a unique mechanism of nuclear receptor-co-repressor interaction. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol., 17 (7): 808-14. [PMID:20581824]

* Safe S, Jin UH, Hedrick E, Reeder A, Lee SO. (2014) Minireview: role of orphan nuclear receptors in cancer and potential as drug targets. Mol. Endocrinol., 28 (2): 157-72. [PMID:24295738]

Schimmer BP, White PC. (2010) Minireview: steroidogenic factor 1: its roles in differentiation, development, and disease. Mol. Endocrinol., 24 (7): 1322-37. [PMID:20203099]

Sladek FM. (2011) What are nuclear receptor ligands?. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 334 (1-2): 3-13. [PMID:20615454]

* Wu D, Cheung A, Wang Y, Yu S, Chan FL. (2016) The emerging roles of orphan nuclear receptors in prostate cancer. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1866 (1): 23-36. [PMID:27264242]

Yin L, Wu N, Lazar MA. (2010) Nuclear receptor Rev-erbalpha: a heme receptor that coordinates circadian rhythm and metabolism. Nucl Recept Signal, 8: e001. [PMID:20414452]

Zhang Y, Hagedorn CH, Wang L. (2011) Role of nuclear receptor SHP in metabolism and cancer. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1812 (8): 893-908. [PMID:20970497]

Zhao Y, Bruemmer D. (2010) NR4A orphan nuclear receptors: transcriptional regulators of gene expression in metabolism and vascular biology. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 30 (8): 1535-41. [PMID:20631354]

1. Benoit G, Cooney A, Giguere V, Ingraham H, Lazar M, Muscat G, Perlmann T, Renaud JP, Schwabe J, Sladek F, Tsai MJ, Laudet V. (2006) International Union of Pharmacology. LXVI. Orphan nuclear receptors. Pharmacol. Rev., 58 (4): 798-836. [PMID:17132856]

2. Shyr CR, Collins LL, Mu XM, Platt KA, Chang C. (2002) Spermatogenesis and testis development are normal in mice lacking testicular orphan nuclear receptor 2. Mol. Cell. Biol., 22 (13): 4661-6. [PMID:12052874]

3. Zhou XE, Suino-Powell KM, Xu Y, Chan CW, Tanabe O, Kruse SW, Reynolds R, Engel JD, Xu HE. (2011) The orphan nuclear receptor TR4 is a vitamin A-activated nuclear receptor. J. Biol. Chem., 286 (4): 2877-85. [PMID:21068381]