Testicular receptors (nomenclature as agreed by the NC-IUPHAR Subcommittee on Nuclear Hormone Receptors [1]) have yet to be officially paired with an endogenous ligand, although testicular receptor 4 has been reported to respond to retinoids.

* Key recommended reading is highlighted with an asterisk

* Benoit G, Cooney A, Giguere V, Ingraham H, Lazar M, Muscat G, Perlmann T, Renaud JP, Schwabe J, Sladek F, Tsai MJ, Laudet V. (2006) International Union of Pharmacology. LXVI. Orphan nuclear receptors. Pharmacol Rev, 58 (4): 798-836. [PMID:17132856]

Duez H, Staels B. (2009) Rev-erb-alpha: an integrator of circadian rhythms and metabolism. J Appl Physiol, 107 (6): 1972-80. [PMID:19696364]

* Germain P, Staels B, Dacquet C, Spedding M, Laudet V. (2006) Overview of nomenclature of nuclear receptors. Pharmacol Rev, 58 (4): 685-704. [PMID:17132848]

Huang P, Chandra V, Rastinejad F. (2010) Structural overview of the nuclear receptor superfamily: insights into physiology and therapeutics. Annu Rev Physiol, 72: 247-72. [PMID:20148675]

Phelan CA, Gampe RT, Lambert MH, Parks DJ, Montana V, Bynum J, Broderick TM, Hu X, Williams SP, Nolte RT, Lazar MA. (2010) Structure of Rev-erbalpha bound to N-CoR reveals a unique mechanism of nuclear receptor-co-repressor interaction. Nat Struct Mol Biol, 17 (7): 808-14. [PMID:20581824]

* Safe S, Jin UH, Hedrick E, Reeder A, Lee SO. (2014) Minireview: role of orphan nuclear receptors in cancer and potential as drug targets. Mol Endocrinol, 28 (2): 157-72. [PMID:24295738]

Schimmer BP, White PC. (2010) Minireview: steroidogenic factor 1: its roles in differentiation, development, and disease. Mol Endocrinol, 24 (7): 1322-37. [PMID:20203099]

Sladek FM. (2011) What are nuclear receptor ligands?. Mol Cell Endocrinol, 334 (1-2): 3-13. [PMID:20615454]

* Wu D, Cheung A, Wang Y, Yu S, Chan FL. (2016) The emerging roles of orphan nuclear receptors in prostate cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1866 (1): 23-36. [PMID:27264242]

Yin L, Wu N, Lazar MA. (2010) Nuclear receptor Rev-erbalpha: a heme receptor that coordinates circadian rhythm and metabolism. Nucl Recept Signal, 8: e001. [PMID:20414452]

Zhang Y, Hagedorn CH, Wang L. (2011) Role of nuclear receptor SHP in metabolism and cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1812 (8): 893-908. [PMID:20970497]

Zhao Y, Bruemmer D. (2010) NR4A orphan nuclear receptors: transcriptional regulators of gene expression in metabolism and vascular biology. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 30 (8): 1535-41. [PMID:20631354]

1. Benoit G, Cooney A, Giguere V, Ingraham H, Lazar M, Muscat G, Perlmann T, Renaud JP, Schwabe J, Sladek F, Tsai MJ, Laudet V. (2006) International Union of Pharmacology. LXVI. Orphan nuclear receptors. Pharmacol Rev, 58 (4): 798-836. [PMID:17132856]

2. Shyr CR, Collins LL, Mu XM, Platt KA, Chang C. (2002) Spermatogenesis and testis development are normal in mice lacking testicular orphan nuclear receptor 2. Mol Cell Biol, 22 (13): 4661-6. [PMID:12052874]

3. Zhou XE, Suino-Powell KM, Xu Y, Chan CW, Tanabe O, Kruse SW, Reynolds R, Engel JD, Xu HE. (2011) The orphan nuclear receptor TR4 is a vitamin A-activated nuclear receptor. J Biol Chem, 286 (4): 2877-85. [PMID:21068381]