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target has curated data in GtoImmuPdb
Target id: 602
Nomenclature: Liver X receptor-α
Systematic Nomenclature: NR1H3
Gene and Protein Information  |
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| Species | AA | Chromosomal Location | Gene Symbol | Gene Name | Reference |
| Human | 447 | 11p11.2 | NR1H3 | nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group H member 3 | 46 |
| Mouse | 445 | 2 50.52 cM | Nr1h3 | nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H, member 3 | 1 |
| Rat | 445 | 3q24 | Nr1h3 | nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H, member 3 | 2 |
| Previous and Unofficial Names |
| RLD-1 | LXRα | Oxysterols receptor α | liver X receptor alpha | nuclear orphan receptor LXR-alpha | oxysterols receptor LXR-alpha | nuclear receptor subfamily 1 |
| Database Links |
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| Alphafold | Q13133 (Hs), Q9Z0Y9 (Mm), Q62685 (Rn) |
| CATH/Gene3D | 3.30.50.10 |
| ChEMBL Target | CHEMBL2808 (Hs), CHEMBL2189152 (Mm), CHEMBL4523336 (Rn) |
| Ensembl Gene | ENSG00000025434 (Hs), ENSMUSG00000002108 (Mm), ENSRNOG00000013172 (Rn) |
| Entrez Gene | 10062 (Hs), 22259 (Mm), 58852 (Rn) |
| Human Protein Atlas | ENSG00000025434 (Hs) |
| KEGG Gene | hsa:10062 (Hs), mmu:22259 (Mm), rno:58852 (Rn) |
| OMIM | 602423 (Hs) |
| Orphanet | ORPHA123908 (Hs) |
| Pharos | Q13133 (Hs) |
| RefSeq Nucleotide | NM_001130102 (Hs), NM_013839 (Mm), NM_001177730 (Mm), NM_031627 (Rn) |
| RefSeq Protein | NP_005684 (Hs), NP_038867 (Mm), NP_113815 (Rn) |
| SynPHARM |
6428 (in complex with GW3965) 6426 (in complex with L-783483) 6429 (in complex with T0901317) |
| UniProtKB | Q13133 (Hs), Q9Z0Y9 (Mm), Q62685 (Rn) |
| Wikipedia | NR1H3 (Hs) |
| Selected 3D Structures |
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| Natural/Endogenous Ligands |
| 24(S), 25-epoxycholesterol |
| 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol |
| 27-hydroxycholesterol |
| 22R-hydroxycholesterol |
| Comments: A series of oxysterols are natural ligands |
| Potency order (Human) |
| 20S-hydroxycholesterol, 22R-hydroxycholesterol, 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol > 25-hydroxycholesterol, 27-hydroxycholesterol [24] |
Download all structure-activity data for this target as a CSV file 
| Agonists |
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| Key to terms and symbols | View all chemical structures | Click column headers to sort | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Agonist Comments | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other oxysterols were also identified as endogenous ligands by Janowski et al., including 20, 22-dihydroxycholesterol [17]. Activity of endogenous LXR agonists is compared in Janowski et al. [16]. Efficacy value for ligand 27-hydroxycholesterol was determined in vitro. Other endogenous agonist include cholic acid [42]. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Antagonists |
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| Key to terms and symbols | View all chemical structures | Click column headers to sort | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| View species-specific antagonist tables | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Antagonist Comments | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Inverse agonist SR9243 induces interaction between Liver-X receptors and their corepressors, resulting in an inhibition of aerobic glycolysis and lipogenesis [10]. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Immunopharmacology Comments |
| Liver X receptors (LXR) are involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism and inflammatory responses. As such they are novel drug targets for cholesterol homeostasis (hypercholesterolaemia), inflammation, and with potential therapeutic effects in neurodegenerative diseases [47]. Rgenix has a small molecule LXR agonist (RGX-104) in Phase 1 clinical trial as an immuno-oncology therapy (see NCT02922764). Rgenix's preclinical studies showed that RGX-104 reverses myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC)-mediated immune evasion by tumour cells. This effect is produced via LXR agonist-generated depletion of MDSCs in the tumour microenvironment, which releases T cells and other immune cells to detect and destroy the cancerous cells. |
| Immuno Process Associations | ||
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| DNA Binding |
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| DNA Binding Comments | |||||||
| RXR binds the 5’ half-site while LXR binds the 3’ half-site of DR4 HREs. | |||||||
| Co-binding Partners |
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| Name | Interaction | Effect | Reference |
| Retinoid X receptor-α | Physical, Functional | Required for transactivation | 46 |
| SHP | Physical, Functional | Represses transactivation | 5 |
| LRH-1 | Functional | Competence factor | 30 |
| Main Co-regulators |
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| Name | Activity | Specific | Ligand dependent | AF-2 dependent | Comments | References |
| EP300 | Co-activator | No | Yes | No | Overexpression increased transactivation of the ABCA1 promoter | 15 |
| NCOA1 | Co-activator | No | Yes | No | p160 family: Overexpression increased transactivation of the ABCA1 promoter | 15 |
| TRRAP | Co-activator | No | Yes | No | Overexpression increased transactivation of LXRE, RNAi decreased expression of LXR regulated genes | 43 |
| NCOA2 | Co-activator | No | Yes | No | Interaction determined by affinity pull-down | 39 |
| PPARGC1A | Co-activator | No | Yes | No | Overexpression increased transactivation of the CETP promoter | 32 |
| PPARGC1B | Co-activator | No | Yes | No | Overexpression increased transactivation of LXRE Viral transduction increased expression of LXR genes | 26 |
| NCOR1 | Co-repressor | No | Yes | No | Interaction determined in mammalian two-hybrid LXR alpha>beta. Overexpression decreased transactivation of LXRE | 13 |
| NCOR2 | Co-repressor | No | Yes | No | Interaction determined in mammalian two-hybrid LXR alpha>beta | 13 |
| Main Target Genes |
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| Name | Species | Effect | Technique | Comments | References |
| APOE | Human | Activated | Transient transfection, EMSA | Cholesterol transport | 23 |
| APOD | Human | Activated | Transient transfection, EMSA | 14 | |
| CETP | Human | Activated | Transient transfection, EMSA | 29 | |
| LPL | Human | Activated | Transient transfection, EMSA | 50 | |
| PLTP | Human | Activated | Transient transfection, EMSA | 6,21 | |
| NR1H3 | Human | Activated | Transient transfection, EMSA | 22 | |
| SREBF1 | Human | Activated | Transient transfection, EMSA | Fatty acid and triglycerides synthesis | 35 |
| ApoCI/IV/II | Human | Activated | Transient transfection | 30 | |
| Vegfa | Mouse | Activated | Angiogenesis and neovascularization | 45 | |
| Cyp7a1 | Mouse | Activated | Transient transfection, EMSA | Cholesterol to bile acid conversion | 24 |
| ABCA1 | Human | Activated | Transient transfection, EMSA | Reverse cholesterol transport efflux | 8,35 |
| ABCG1 | Human | Activated | Transient transfection, EMSA | Reverse cholesterol transport efflux | 20,44 |
| Scd1 | Mouse | Activated | Unsaturated fatty acid synthesis | ||
| SLC2A4 | Human | Activated | Transient transfection, EMSA | Insulin stimulated glucose uptake | 9 |
| Abcg5 | Mouse | Activated | Intestinal cholesterol efflux | 34 | |
| Mylip | Mouse | Activated | Induces lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) degradation, the receptor responsible for cholesterol uptake | 49 | |
| Npc1l1 | Mouse | Repressed | Intestinal cholesterol absorption | 27 | |
| Abcg8 | Mouse | Activated | Intestinal cholesterol efflux | 34 | |
| FASN | Human | Activated | Transient transfection, EMSA | Fatty acid synthesis | 18 |
| Tissue Distribution
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| Tissue Distribution Comments | ||||||||||
| Mouse expression determined by Northern blot in [28]. | ||||||||||
| Physiological Consequences of Altering Gene Expression
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| Phenotypes, Alleles and Disease Models
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Mouse data from MGI | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Clinically-Relevant Mutations and Pathophysiology
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1. Alberti S, Steffensen KR, Gustafsson JA. (2000) Structural characterisation of the mouse nuclear oxysterol receptor genes LXRalpha and LXRbeta. Gene, 243 (1-2): 93-103. [PMID:10675617]
2. Apfel R, Benbrook D, Lernhardt E, Ortiz MA, Salbert G, Pfahl M. (1994) A novel orphan receptor specific for a subset of thyroid hormone-responsive elements and its interaction with the retinoid/thyroid hormone receptor subfamily. Mol Cell Biol, 14 (10): 7025-35. [PMID:7935418]
3. AstraZeneca. AZ12260493. Accessed on 12/09/2014. Modified on 12/09/2014. astrazeneca.com, http://openinnovation.astrazeneca.com/what-we-offer/compound/az12260493/
4. Bramlett KS, Houck KA, Borchert KM, Dowless MS, Kulanthaivel P, Zhang Y, Beyer TP, Schmidt R, Thomas JS, Michael LF, Barr R, Montrose C, Eacho PI, Cao G, Burris TP. (2003) A natural product ligand of the oxysterol receptor, liver X receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 307 (1): 291-6. [PMID:12893846]
5. Brendel C, Schoonjans K, Botrugno OA, Treuter E, Auwerx J. (2002) The small heterodimer partner interacts with the liver X receptor alpha and represses its transcriptional activity. Mol Endocrinol, 16 (9): 2065-76. [PMID:12198243]
6. Cao G, Beyer TP, Yang XP, Schmidt RJ, Zhang Y, Bensch WR, Kauffman RF, Gao H, Ryan TP, Liang Y, Eacho PI, Jiang XC. (2002) Phospholipid transfer protein is regulated by liver X receptors in vivo. J Biol Chem, 277 (42): 39561-5. [PMID:12177004]
7. Collins JL, Fivush AM, Watson MA, Galardi CM, Lewis MC, Moore LB, Parks DJ, Wilson JG, Tippin TK, Binz JG, Plunket KD, Morgan DG, Beaudet EJ, Whitney KD, Kliewer SA, Willson TM. (2002) Identification of a nonsteroidal liver X receptor agonist through parallel array synthesis of tertiary amines. J Med Chem, 45 (10): 1963-6. [PMID:11985463]
8. Costet P, Luo Y, Wang N, Tall AR. (2000) Sterol-dependent transactivation of the ABC1 promoter by the liver X receptor/retinoid X receptor. J Biol Chem, 275 (36): 28240-5. [PMID:10858438]
9. Dalen KT, Ulven SM, Bamberg K, Gustafsson JA, Nebb HI. (2003) Expression of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter GLUT4 in adipocytes is dependent on liver X receptor alpha. J Biol Chem, 278 (48): 48283-91. [PMID:12970362]
10. Flaveny CA, Griffett K, El-Gendy Bel-D, Kazantzis M, Sengupta M, Amelio AL, Chatterjee A, Walker J, Solt LA, Kamenecka TM et al.. (2015) Broad Anti-tumor Activity of a Small Molecule that Selectively Targets the Warburg Effect and Lipogenesis. Cancer Cell, 28 (1): 42-56. [PMID:26120082]
11. Fu X, Menke JG, Chen Y, Zhou G, MacNaul KL, Wright SD, Sparrow CP, Lund EG. (2001) 27-hydroxycholesterol is an endogenous ligand for liver X receptor in cholesterol-loaded cells. J Biol Chem, 276 (42): 38378-87. [PMID:11504730]
12. Griffett K, Solt LA, El-Gendy Bel-D, Kamenecka TM, Burris TP. (2013) A liver-selective LXR inverse agonist that suppresses hepatic steatosis. ACS Chem Biol, 8 (3): 559-67. [PMID:23237488]
13. Hu X, Li S, Wu J, Xia C, Lala DS. (2003) Liver X receptors interact with corepressors to regulate gene expression. Mol Endocrinol, 17 (6): 1019-26. [PMID:12663743]
14. Hummasti S, Laffitte BA, Watson MA, Galardi C, Chao LC, Ramamurthy L, Moore JT, Tontonoz P. (2004) Liver X receptors are regulators of adipocyte gene expression but not differentiation: identification of apoD as a direct target. J Lipid Res, 45 (4): 616-25. [PMID:14703507]
15. Huuskonen J, Fielding PE, Fielding CJ. (2004) Role of p160 coactivator complex in the activation of liver X receptor. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 24 (4): 703-8. [PMID:14764426]
16. Janowski BA, Grogan MJ, Jones SA, Wisely GB, Kliewer SA, Corey EJ, Mangelsdorf DJ. (1999) Structural requirements of ligands for the oxysterol liver X receptors LXRalpha and LXRbeta. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 96 (1): 266-71. [PMID:9874807]
17. Janowski BA, Willy PJ, Devi TR, Falck JR, Mangelsdorf DJ. (1996) An oxysterol signalling pathway mediated by the nuclear receptor LXR alpha. Nature, 383 (6602): 728-31. [PMID:8878485]
18. Joseph SB, Laffitte BA, Patel PH, Watson MA, Matsukuma KE, Walczak R, Collins JL, Osborne TF, Tontonoz P. (2002) Direct and indirect mechanisms for regulation of fatty acid synthase gene expression by liver X receptors. J Biol Chem, 277 (13): 11019-25. [PMID:11790787]
19. Kalaany NY, Gauthier KC, Zavacki AM, Mammen PP, Kitazume T, Peterson JA, Horton JD, Garry DJ, Bianco AC, Mangelsdorf DJ. (2005) LXRs regulate the balance between fat storage and oxidation. Cell Metab, 1 (4): 231-44. [PMID:16054068]
20. Kennedy MA, Venkateswaran A, Tarr PT, Xenarios I, Kudoh J, Shimizu N, Edwards PA. (2001) Characterization of the human ABCG1 gene: liver X receptor activates an internal promoter that produces a novel transcript encoding an alternative form of the protein. J Biol Chem, 276 (42): 39438-47. [PMID:11500512]
21. Laffitte BA, Joseph SB, Chen M, Castrillo A, Repa J, Wilpitz D, Mangelsdorf D, Tontonoz P. (2003) The phospholipid transfer protein gene is a liver X receptor target expressed by macrophages in atherosclerotic lesions. Mol Cell Biol, 23 (6): 2182-91. [PMID:12612088]
22. Laffitte BA, Joseph SB, Walczak R, Pei L, Wilpitz DC, Collins JL, Tontonoz P. (2001) Autoregulation of the human liver X receptor alpha promoter. Mol Cell Biol, 21 (22): 7558-68. [PMID:11604492]
23. Laffitte BA, Repa JJ, Joseph SB, Wilpitz DC, Kast HR, Mangelsdorf DJ, Tontonoz P. (2001) LXRs control lipid-inducible expression of the apolipoprotein E gene in macrophages and adipocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 98 (2): 507-12. [PMID:11149950]
24. Lehmann JM, Kliewer SA, Moore LB, Smith-Oliver TA, Oliver BB, Su JL, Sundseth SS, Winegar DA, Blanchard DE, Spencer TA, Willson TM. (1997) Activation of the nuclear receptor LXR by oxysterols defines a new hormone response pathway. J Biol Chem, 272 (6): 3137-40. [PMID:9013544]
25. Li N, Wang X, Xu Y, Lin Y, Zhu N, Liu P, Lu D, Si S. (2017) Identification of a Novel Liver X Receptor Agonist that Regulates the Expression of Key Cholesterol Homeostasis Genes with Distinct Pharmacological Characteristics. Mol Pharmacol, 91 (4): 264-276. [PMID:28087808]
26. Lin J, Yang R, Tarr PT, Wu PH, Handschin C, Li S, Yang W, Pei L, Uldry M, Tontonoz P, Newgard CB, Spiegelman BM. (2005) Hyperlipidemic effects of dietary saturated fats mediated through PGC-1beta coactivation of SREBP. Cell, 120 (2): 261-73. [PMID:15680331]
27. Lo Sasso G, Murzilli S, Salvatore L, D'Errico I, Petruzzelli M, Conca P, Jiang ZY, Calabresi L, Parini P, Moschetta A. (2010) Intestinal specific LXR activation stimulates reverse cholesterol transport and protects from atherosclerosis. Cell Metab, 12 (2): 187-93. [PMID:20674863]
28. Lu TT, Repa JJ, Mangelsdorf DJ. (2001) Orphan nuclear receptors as eLiXiRs and FiXeRs of sterol metabolism. J Biol Chem, 276 (41): 37735-8. [PMID:11459853]
29. Luo Y, Tall AR. (2000) Sterol upregulation of human CETP expression in vitro and in transgenic mice by an LXR element. J Clin Invest, 105 (4): 513-20. [PMID:10683381]
30. Mak PA, Laffitte BA, Desrumaux C, Joseph SB, Curtiss LK, Mangelsdorf DJ, Tontonoz P, Edwards PA. (2002) Regulated expression of the apolipoprotein E/C-I/C-IV/C-II gene cluster in murine and human macrophages. A critical role for nuclear liver X receptors alpha and beta. J Biol Chem, 277 (35): 31900-8. [PMID:12032151]
31. Menke JG, Macnaul KL, Hayes NS, Baffic J, Chao YS, Elbrecht A, Kelly LJ, Lam MH, Schmidt A, Sahoo S, Wang J, Wright SD, Xin P, Zhou G, Moller DE, Sparrow CP. (2002) A novel liver X receptor agonist establishes species differences in the regulation of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7a). Endocrinology, 143 (7): 2548-58. [PMID:12072387]
32. Oberkofler H, Schraml E, Krempler F, Patsch W. (2003) Potentiation of liver X receptor transcriptional activity by peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1 alpha. Biochem J, 371 (Pt 1): 89-96. [PMID:12470296]
33. Peet DJ, Turley SD, Ma W, Janowski BA, Lobaccaro JM, Hammer RE, Mangelsdorf DJ. (1998) Cholesterol and bile acid metabolism are impaired in mice lacking the nuclear oxysterol receptor LXR alpha. Cell, 93 (5): 693-704. [PMID:9630215]
34. Repa JJ, Berge KE, Pomajzl C, Richardson JA, Hobbs H, Mangelsdorf DJ. (2002) Regulation of ATP-binding cassette sterol transporters ABCG5 and ABCG8 by the liver X receptors alpha and beta. J Biol Chem, 277 (21): 18793-800. [PMID:11901146]
35. Repa JJ, Liang G, Ou J, Bashmakov Y, Lobaccaro JM, Shimomura I, Shan B, Brown MS, Goldstein JL, Mangelsdorf DJ. (2000) Regulation of mouse sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c gene (SREBP-1c) by oxysterol receptors, LXRalpha and LXRbeta. Genes Dev, 14 (22): 2819-30. [PMID:11090130]
36. Repa JJ, Turley SD, Lobaccaro JA, Medina J, Li L, Lustig K, Shan B, Heyman RA, Dietschy JM, Mangelsdorf DJ. (2000) Regulation of absorption and ABC1-mediated efflux of cholesterol by RXR heterodimers. Science, 289 (5484): 1524-9. [PMID:10968783]
37. Schultz JR, Tu H, Luk A, Repa JJ, Medina JC, Li L, Schwendner S, Wang S, Thoolen M, Mangelsdorf DJ, Lustig KD, Shan B. (2000) Role of LXRs in control of lipogenesis. Genes Dev, 14 (22): 2831-8. [PMID:11090131]
38. Schuster GU, Parini P, Wang L, Alberti S, Steffensen KR, Hansson GK, Angelin B, Gustafsson JA. (2002) Accumulation of foam cells in liver X receptor-deficient mice. Circulation, 106 (9): 1147-53. [PMID:12196343]
39. Song C, Kokontis JM, Hiipakka RA, Liao S. (1994) Ubiquitous receptor: a receptor that modulates gene activation by retinoic acid and thyroid hormone receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 91 (23): 10809-13. [PMID:7971966]
40. Sparrow CP, Baffic J, Lam MH, Lund EG, Adams AD, Fu X, Hayes N, Jones AB, Macnaul KL, Ondeyka J, Singh S, Wang J, Zhou G, Moller DE, Wright SD, Menke JG. (2002) A potent synthetic LXR agonist is more effective than cholesterol loading at inducing ABCA1 mRNA and stimulating cholesterol efflux. J Biol Chem, 277 (12): 10021-7. [PMID:11790770]
41. Svensson S, Ostberg T, Jacobsson M, Norström C, Stefansson K, Hallén D, Johansson IC, Zachrisson K, Ogg D, Jendeberg L. (2003) Crystal structure of the heterodimeric complex of LXRalpha and RXRbeta ligand-binding domains in a fully agonistic conformation. EMBO J, 22 (18): 4625-33. [PMID:12970175]
42. Theofilopoulos S, Wang Y, Kitambi SS, Sacchetti P, Sousa KM, Bodin K, Kirk J, Saltó C, Gustafsson M, Toledo EM et al.. (2013) Brain endogenous liver X receptor ligands selectively promote midbrain neurogenesis. Nat Chem Biol, 9 (2): 126-33. [PMID:23292650]
43. Unno A, Takada I, Takezawa S, Oishi H, Baba A, Shimizu T, Tokita A, Yanagisawa J, Kato S. (2005) TRRAP as a hepatic coactivator of LXR and FXR function. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 327 (3): 933-8. [PMID:15649435]
44. Venkateswaran A, Repa JJ, Lobaccaro JM, Bronson A, Mangelsdorf DJ, Edwards PA. (2000) Human white/murine ABC8 mRNA levels are highly induced in lipid-loaded macrophages. A transcriptional role for specific oxysterols. J Biol Chem, 275 (19): 14700-7. [PMID:10799558]
45. Walczak R, Joseph SB, Laffitte BA, Castrillo A, Pei L, Tontonoz P. (2004) Transcription of the vascular endothelial growth factor gene in macrophages is regulated by liver X receptors. J Biol Chem, 279 (11): 9905-11. [PMID:14699103]
46. Willy PJ, Umesono K, Ong ES, Evans RM, Heyman RA, Mangelsdorf DJ. (1995) LXR, a nuclear receptor that defines a distinct retinoid response pathway. Genes Dev, 9 (9): 1033-45. [PMID:7744246]
47. Xu P, Li D, Tang X, Bao X, Huang J, Tang Y, Yang Y, Xu H, Fan X. (2013) LXR agonists: new potential therapeutic drug for neurodegenerative diseases. Mol Neurobiol, 48 (3): 715-28. [PMID:23625315]
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