More information on this family may be found on the IUPHAR-DB family and introduction pages.
Galanin receptors (provisional nomenclature, [7]) are activated by the endogenous peptides galanin (ENSG00000069482) and galanin-like peptide (GALP, ENSG00000105099). Human galanin is a 30 amino-acid non-amidated peptide [5]; in other species, it is 29 amino acids long and C-terminally amidated. Amino acids 1–14 of galanin are highly conserved in mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibia and fish. Shorter peptide species (e.g. human galanin-1–19 [3] and porcine galanin-5–29 [14] and N-terminally extended forms (e.g. N-terminally seven and nine residue elongated forms of porcine galanin [4,14]) have been reported.
Unless otherwise stated all data refer to the human proteins. Gene information is provided for human (Hs), mouse (Mm) and rat (Rn).
Receptors 
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Bauer, JW; Lang, R; Jakab, M; Kofler, B. (2008) Galanin family of peptides in skin function. Cell. Mol. Life Sci., 65 (12): 1820-5. [PMID:18500644]
Foord, S. M., Bonner, T. I., Neubig, R. R., Rosser, E. M., Pin, J. P., Davenport, A. P., Spedding, M. and Harmar, A. J. (2005) International Union of Pharmacology. XLVI. G protein-coupled receptor list. Pharmacol Rev, 57: 279-288. [PMID:15914470]
Hokfelt T (Ed). (2010) Galanin. Experientia Supplementum. Springer, AG, Basel, 102: 208.
Lang, R; Gundlach, AL; Kofler, B. (2007) The galanin peptide family: receptor pharmacology, pleiotropic biological actions, and implications in health and disease. Pharmacol. Ther., 115 (2): 177-207. [PMID:17604107]
Lang, R; Kofler, B. (2011) The galanin peptide family in inflammation. Neuropeptides, 45 (1): 1-8. [PMID:21087790]
Lawrence, C; Fraley, GS. (2011) Galanin-like peptide (GALP) is a hypothalamic regulator of energy homeostasis and reproduction. Front Neuroendocrinol, 32 (1): 1-9. [PMID:20558195]
Man, PS; Lawrence, CB. (2008) Galanin-like peptide: a role in the homeostatic regulation of energy balance?. Neuropharmacology, 55 (1): 1-7. [PMID:18538801]
Mitsukawa, K; Lu, X; Bartfai, T. (2008) Galanin, galanin receptors and drug targets. Cell. Mol. Life Sci., 65 (12): 1796-805. [PMID:18500647]
Moreno, E; Vaz, SH; Cai, NS; Ferrada, C; Quiroz, C; Barodia, SK; Kabbani, N; Canela, EI; McCormick, PJ; Lluis, C; et al.. (2011) Dopamine-galanin receptor heteromers modulate cholinergic neurotransmission in the rat ventral hippocampus. J. Neurosci., 31 (20): 7412-23. [PMID:21593325]
Ogren, SO; Kuteeva, E; Elvander-Tottie, E; Hökfelt, T. (2010) Neuropeptides in learning and memory processes with focus on galanin. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 626 (1): 9-17. [PMID:19837050]
Wraith, DC; Pope, R; Butzkueven, H; Holder, H; Vanderplank, P; Lowrey, P; Day, MJ; Gundlach, AL; Kilpatrick, TJ; Scolding, N; et al.. (2009) A role for galanin in human and experimental inflammatory demyelination. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 106 (36): 15466-71. [PMID:19717462]
1. Bartfai, T; Bedecs, K; Land, T; Langel, U; Bertorelli, R; Girotti, P; Consolo, S; Xu, XJ; Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z; Nilsson, S. (1991) M-15: high-affinity chimeric peptide that blocks the neuronal actions of galanin in the hippocampus, locus coeruleus, and spinal cord. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 88 (23): 10961-5. [PMID:1720557]
2. Bartfai, T; Langel, U; Bedecs, K; Andell, S; Land, T; Gregersen, S; Ahrén, B; Girotti, P; Consolo, S; Corwin, R. (1993) Galanin-receptor ligand M40 peptide distinguishes between putative galanin-receptor subtypes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 90 (23): 11287-91. [PMID:7504301]
3. Bersani, M; Johnsen, AH; Højrup, P; Dunning, BE; Andreasen, JJ; Holst, JJ. (1991) Human galanin: primary structure and identification of two molecular forms. FEBS Lett., 283 (2): 189-94. [PMID:1710578]
4. Bersani, M; Thim, L; Rasmussen, TN; Holst, JJ. (1991) Galanin and galanin extended at the N-terminus with seven and nine amino acids are produced in and secreted from the porcine adrenal medulla in almost equal amounts. Endocrinology, 129 (5): 2693-8. [PMID:1718731]
5. Evans, HF; Shine, J. (1991) Human galanin: molecular cloning reveals a unique structure. Endocrinology, 129 (3): 1682-4. [PMID:1714839]
6. Fitzgerald, LW; Patterson, JP; Conklin, DS; Horlick, R; Largent, BL. (1998) Pharmacological and biochemical characterization of a recombinant human galanin GALR1 receptor: agonist character of chimeric galanin peptides. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 287 (2): 448-56. [PMID:9808667]
7. Foord, S. M., Bonner, T. I., Neubig, R. R., Rosser, E. M., Pin, J. P., Davenport, A. P., Spedding, M. and Harmar, A. J. (2005) International Union of Pharmacology. XLVI. G protein-coupled receptor list. Pharmacol Rev, 57: 279-288. [PMID:15914470]
8. Gu, ZF; Pradhan, TK; Coy, DH; Jensen, RT. (1995) Interaction of galanin fragments with galanin receptors on isolated smooth muscle cells from guinea pig stomach: identification of a novel galanin receptor subtype. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 272 (1): 371-8. [PMID:7529309]
9. Lang, R; Berger, A; Santic, R; Geisberger, R; Hermann, A; Herzog, H; Kofler, B. (2005) Pharmacological and functional characterization of galanin-like peptide fragments as potent galanin receptor agonists. Neuropeptides, 39 (3): 179-84. [PMID:15944009]
10. Leibowitz, SF; Kim, T. (1992) Impact of a galanin antagonist on exogenous galanin and natural patterns of fat ingestion. Brain Res., 599 (1): 148-52. [PMID:1283559]
11. Lu, X; Lundström, L; Bartfai, T. (2005) Galanin (2-11) binds to GalR3 in transfected cell lines: limitations for pharmacological definition of receptor subtypes. Neuropeptides, 39 (3): 165-7. [PMID:15944007]
12. Ohtaki, T; Kumano, S; Ishibashi, Y; Ogi, K; Matsui, H; Harada, M; Kitada, C; Kurokawa, T; Onda, H; Fujino, M. (1999) Isolation and cDNA cloning of a novel galanin-like peptide (GALP) from porcine hypothalamus. J. Biol. Chem., 274 (52): 37041-5. [PMID:10601261]
13. Scott, MK; Ross, TM; Lee, DH; Wang, HY; Shank, RP; Wild, KD; Davis, CB; Crooke, JJ; Potocki, AC; Reitz, AB. (2000) 2,3-Dihydro-dithiin and -dithiepine-1,1,4,4-tetroxides: small molecule non-peptide antagonists of the human galanin hGAL-1 receptor. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 8 (6): 1383-91. [PMID:10896115]
14. Sillard, R; Rökaeus, A; Xu, Y; Carlquist, M; Bergman, T; Jörnvall, H; Mutt, V. (1992) Variant forms of galanin isolated from porcine brain. Peptides, 13 (6): 1055-60. [PMID:1283627]
15. Skofitsch, G; Sills, MA; Jacobowitz, DM. (1986) Autoradiographic distribution of 125I-galanin binding sites in the rat central nervous system. Peptides, 7 (6): 1029-42. [PMID:2436195]
16. Smith, KE; Forray, C; Walker, MW; Jones, KA; Tamm, JA; Bard, J; Branchek, TA; Linemeyer, DL; Gerald, C. (1997) Expression cloning of a rat hypothalamic galanin receptor coupled to phosphoinositide turnover. J. Biol. Chem., 272 (39): 24612-6. [PMID:9305929]
17. Smith, KE; Walker, MW; Artymyshyn, R; Bard, J; Borowsky, B; Tamm, JA; Yao, WJ; Vaysse, PJ; Branchek, TA; Gerald, C; et al.. (1998) Cloned human and rat galanin GALR3 receptors. Pharmacology and activation of G-protein inwardly rectifying K+ channels. J. Biol. Chem., 273 (36): 23321-6. [PMID:9722565]
18. Sollenberg, U.E., Lundstrom, L., Barfa, T., Langel, U. (2006) M871- A Novel Peptide Antagonist Selectively Recognising the Galanin Receptor Type 2. International Journal of Peptide Research and Therapeutics, 12 (2): 115-119.
19. Ulman, LG; Moriarty, M; Potter, EK; McCloskey, DI. (1993) Galanin antagonist effects on cardiac vagal inhibitory actions of sympathetic stimulation in anaesthetized cats and dogs. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 464: 491-9. [PMID:7693918]
20. Wang, S; Hashemi, T; He, C; Strader, C; Bayne, M. (1997) Molecular cloning and pharmacological characterization of a new galanin receptor subtype. Mol. Pharmacol., 52 (3): 337-43. [PMID:9281594]
21. Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z; Xu, XJ; Langel, U; Bedecs, K; Hökfelt, T; Bartfai, T. (1992) Galanin-mediated control of pain: enhanced role after nerve injury. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 89 (8): 3334-7. [PMID:1373497]
22. Wynick, D; Smith, DM; Ghatei, M; Akinsanya, K; Bhogal, R; Purkiss, P; Byfield, P; Yanaihara, N; Bloom, SR. (1993) Characterization of a high-affinity galanin receptor in the rat anterior pituitary: absence of biological effect and reduced membrane binding of the antagonist M15 differentiate it from the brain/gut receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 90 (9): 4231-5. [PMID:7683428]
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galanin-(1-11) is a high-affinity agonist at GAL1/GAL2 (pKi 9), and galanin-(2-11) is selective for GAL2 and GAL3 compared with GAL1 [11]. [125I]-[Tyr26]galanin binds to all three subtypes with Kd values ranging from 0.05 to 1 nM [6,15-17,20]. Porcine galanin-(3–29) does not bind to cloned GAL1, GAL2 or GAL3 receptors, but a receptor that is functionally activated by porcine galanin-(3–29) has been reported in pituitary and gastric smooth muscle cells [8,22]. Additional galanin receptor subtypes are also suggested from studies with chimeric peptides (e.g. M15, M35 and M40), which act as antagonists in functional assays in the cardiovascular system [19], spinal cord [21], locus coeruleus, hippocampus [1] and hypothalamus [2,10], but exhibit agonist activity at some peripheral sites [2,8]. The chimeric peptides M15, M32, M35, M40 and C7 are agonists at GAL1 receptors expressed endogenously in Bowes human melanoma cells [12], and at heterologously expressed recombinant GAL1, GAL2 and GAL3 receptors [6,16-17]