1I. Vitamin D receptor-like receptors
More information on this family may be found on the IUPHAR-DB family and introduction pages.
Vitamin D (VDR), Pregnane X (PXR) and Constitutive Androstane (CAR) receptors (nomenclature as agreed by NC-IUPHAR Committee on Nuclear Receptors, [11]) are members of the NR1I family of nuclear receptors, which form heterodimers with members of the retinoid X receptor family. PXR and CAR are activated by a range of exogenous compounds, with no established endogenous physiological agonists, although high concentrations of bile acids and bile pigments activate PXR and CAR[11].
Unless otherwise stated all data refer to the human proteins. Gene information is provided for human (Hs), mouse (Mm) and rat (Rn).
Receptors 
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Bikle, D. (2009) Nonclassic actions of vitamin D. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 94 (1): 26-34. [PMID:18854395]
Bikle, DD. (2011) Vitamin D: an ancient hormone. Exp. Dermatol., 20 (1): 7-13. [PMID:21197695]
Bouillon, R; Carmeliet, G; Verlinden, L; van Etten, E; Verstuyf, A; Luderer, HF; Lieben, L; Mathieu, C; Demay, M. (2008) Vitamin D and human health: lessons from vitamin D receptor null mice. Endocr. Rev., 29 (6): 726-76. [PMID:18694980]
Campbell, FC; Xu, H; El-Tanani, M; Crowe, P; Bingham, V. (2010) The yin and yang of vitamin D receptor (VDR) signaling in neoplastic progression: operational networks and tissue-specific growth control. Biochem. Pharmacol., 79 (1): 1-9. [PMID:19737544]
Danescu, LG; Levy, S; Levy, J. (2009) Vitamin D and diabetes mellitus. Endocrine, 35 (1): 11-7. [PMID:18979202]
Deeb, KK; Trump, DL; Johnson, CS. (2007) Vitamin D signalling pathways in cancer: potential for anticancer therapeutics. Nat. Rev. Cancer, 7 (9): 684-700. [PMID:17721433]
Haussler, MR; Haussler, CA; Bartik, L; Whitfield, GK; Hsieh, JC; Slater, S; Jurutka, PW. (2008) Vitamin D receptor: molecular signaling and actions of nutritional ligands in disease prevention. Nutr. Rev., 66 (10 Suppl 2): S98-112. [PMID:18844852]
Ihunnah, CA; Jiang, M; Xie, W. (2011) Nuclear receptor PXR, transcriptional circuits and metabolic relevance. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1812 (8): 956-63. [PMID:21295138]
Krishnan, AV; Feldman, D. (2011) Mechanisms of the anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory actions of vitamin D. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 51: 311-36. [PMID:20936945]
Köhle, C; Bock, KW. (2009) Coordinate regulation of human drug-metabolizing enzymes, and conjugate transporters by the Ah receptor, pregnane X receptor and constitutive androstane receptor. Biochem. Pharmacol., 77 (4): 689-99. [PMID:18606396]
Moore, DD; Kato, S; Xie, W; Mangelsdorf, DJ; Schmidt, DR; Xiao, R; Kliewer, SA. (2006) International Union of Pharmacology. LXII. The NR1H and NR1I receptors: constitutive androstane receptor, pregnene X receptor, farnesoid X receptor alpha, farnesoid X receptor beta, liver X receptor alpha, liver X receptor beta, and vitamin D receptor. Pharmacol. Rev., 58 (4): 742-59. [PMID:17132852]
Pittas, AG; Dawson-Hughes, B. (2010) Vitamin D and diabetes. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 121 (1-2): 425-9. [PMID:20304061]
Plum, LA; DeLuca, HF. (2010) Vitamin D, disease and therapeutic opportunities. Nat Rev Drug Discov, 9 (12): 941-55. [PMID:21119732]
Timsit, YE; Negishi, M. (2007) CAR and PXR: the xenobiotic-sensing receptors. Steroids, 72 (3): 231-46. [PMID:17284330]
Urquhart, BL; Tirona, RG; Kim, RB. (2007) Nuclear receptors and the regulation of drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters: implications for interindividual variability in response to drugs. J Clin Pharmacol, 47 (5): 566-78. [PMID:17442683]
1. Bishop, JE; Collins, ED; Okamura, WH; Norman, AW. (1994) Profile of ligand specificity of the vitamin D binding protein for 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its analogs. J. Bone Miner. Res., 9 (8): 1277-88. [PMID:7976510]
2. Blumberg, B; Sabbagh, W; Juguilon, H; Bolado, J; van Meter, CM; Ong, ES; Evans, RM. (1998) SXR, a novel steroid and xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptor. Genes Dev., 12 (20): 3195-205. [PMID:9784494]
3. Colston, KW; Mackay, AG; James, SY; Binderup, L; Chander, S; Coombes, RC. (1992) EB1089: a new vitamin D analogue that inhibits the growth of breast cancer cells in vivo and in vitro. Biochem. Pharmacol., 44 (12): 2273-80. [PMID:1472092]
4. Erben, RG; Soegiarto, DW; Weber, K; Zeitz, U; Lieberherr, M; Gniadecki, R; Möller, G; Adamski, J; Balling, R. (2002) Deletion of deoxyribonucleic acid binding domain of the vitamin D receptor abrogates genomic and nongenomic functions of vitamin D. Mol. Endocrinol., 16 (7): 1524-37. [PMID:12089348]
5. Fujishima, T; Kojima, Y; Azumaya, I; Kittaka, A; Takayama, H. (2003) Design and synthesis of potent vitamin D receptor antagonists with A-ring modifications: remarkable effects of 2alpha-methyl introduction on antagonistic activity. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 11 (17): 3621-31. [PMID:12901907]
6. Herdick, M; Steinmeyer, A; Carlberg, C. (2000) Carboxylic ester antagonists of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) show cell-specific actions. Chem. Biol., 7 (11): 885-94. [PMID:11094341]
7. Jones, SA; Moore, LB; Shenk, JL; Wisely, GB; Hamilton, GA; McKee, DD; Tomkinson, NC; LeCluyse, EL; Lambert, MH; Willson, TM; Kliewer, SA; Moore, JT. (2000) The pregnane X receptor: a promiscuous xenobiotic receptor that has diverged during evolution. Mol. Endocrinol., 14 (1): 27-39. [PMID:10628745]
8. Lehmann, JM; McKee, DD; Watson, MA; Willson, TM; Moore, JT; Kliewer, SA. (1998) The human orphan nuclear receptor PXR is activated by compounds that regulate CYP3A4 gene expression and cause drug interactions. J. Clin. Invest., 102 (5): 1016-23. [PMID:9727070]
9. Maglich, JM; Parks, DJ; Moore, LB; Collins, JL; Goodwin, B; Billin, AN; Stoltz, CA; Kliewer, SA; Lambert, MH; Willson, TM; Moore, JT. (2003) Identification of a novel human constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) agonist and its use in the identification of CAR target genes. J. Biol. Chem., 278 (19): 17277-83. [PMID:12611900]
10. Miura, D; Manabe, K; Ozono, K; Saito, M; Gao, Q; Norman, AW; Ishizuka, S. (1999) Antagonistic action of novel 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-26, 23-lactone analogs on differentiation of human leukemia cells (HL-60) induced by 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. J. Biol. Chem., 274 (23): 16392-9. [PMID:10347199]
11. Moore, DD; Kato, S; Xie, W; Mangelsdorf, DJ; Schmidt, DR; Xiao, R; Kliewer, SA. (2006) International Union of Pharmacology. LXII. The NR1H and NR1I receptors: constitutive androstane receptor, pregnene X receptor, farnesoid X receptor alpha, farnesoid X receptor beta, liver X receptor alpha, liver X receptor beta, and vitamin D receptor. Pharmacol. Rev., 58 (4): 742-59. [PMID:17132852]
12. Moore, LB; Goodwin, B; Jones, SA; Wisely, GB; Serabjit-Singh, CJ; Willson, TM; Collins, JL; Kliewer, SA. (2000) St. John's wort induces hepatic drug metabolism through activation of the pregnane X receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 97 (13): 7500-2. [PMID:10852961]
13. Tzameli, I; Pissios, P; Schuetz, EG; Moore, DD. (2000) The xenobiotic compound 1,4-bis[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene is an agonist ligand for the nuclear receptor CAR. Mol. Cell. Biol., 20 (9): 2951-8. [PMID:10757780]
14. Wentworth, JM; Agostini, M; Love, J; Schwabe, JW; Chatterjee, VK. (2000) St John's wort, a herbal antidepressant, activates the steroid X receptor. J. Endocrinol., 166 (3): R11-6. [PMID:10974665]
15. Wiberg, K; Ljunghall, S; Binderup, L; Ljunggren, O. (1995) Studies on two new vitamin D analogs, EB 1089 and KH 1060: effects on bone resorption and osteoclast recruitment in vitro. Bone, 17 (4): 391-5. [PMID:8573413]
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