metformin   Click here for help

GtoPdb Ligand ID: 4779

Synonyms: Glucophage® | LA-6023
Approved drug PDB Ligand Immunopharmacology Ligand
metformin is an approved drug (FDA (1995))
Compound class: Synthetic organic
Comment: Marketed formulations contain metformin hydrochloride (PubChem CID 14219). Metformin is often given in fixed-dose combinations with other antihyperglycemic agents.

Repurposing: Cancer cells undergo a metabolic switch to aerobic glycolysis, and become reliant on this metabolic pathway for energy (the Warburg effect). Inhibition of the glycolytic pathway is therefore considered as a tractable therapeutic target in oncology. As metformin is an inhibitor of glycolysis it is being examined for anti-cancer effects in a number of malignancies. Similarly, it is being examined for anti-inflammatory potential since activated immune cells also undergo a metabolic switch to aerobic glycolysis. If found to be effective, this could ultimately lead to metformin being repurposed for indications other than type 2 diabetes.
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Ligand Activity Visualisation Charts

These are box plot that provide a unique visualisation, summarising all the activity data for a ligand taken from ChEMBL and GtoPdb across multiple targets and species. Click on a plot to see the median, interquartile range, low and high data points. A value of zero indicates that no data are available. A separate chart is created for each target, and where possible the algorithm tries to merge ChEMBL and GtoPdb targets by matching them on name and UniProt accession, for each available species. However, please note that inconsistency in naming of targets may lead to data for the same target being reported across multiple charts.

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View interactive charts of activity data across species

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View more information in the IUPHAR Pharmacology Education Project: metformin

2D Structure
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2D Structure

An image of the ligand's 2D structure. For small molecules with SMILES these are drawn using the NCI/CADD Chemical Identifier Resolver. Click on the image to access the chemical structure search tool with the ligand pre-loaded in the structure editor. For other types of ligands, e.g. longer nucleotides and peptides, a manually drawn representation of the molecule may be provided.

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Physico-chemical Properties
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Physico-chemical Properties

Calculated molecular properties are available for small molecules and natural products (not peptides). Properties were generated using the CDK toolkit. All properties were selected to enable the prediction of the Lipinski Rule-of-Five profile or ‘druglikeness’ for each ligand. For more info on each category see the help pages.

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Hydrogen bond acceptors 5
Hydrogen bond donors 3
Rotatable bonds 2
Topological polar surface area 91.49
Molecular weight 129.1
XLogP -0.54
No. Lipinski's rules broken 0
SMILES / InChI / InChIKey
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SMILES / InChI / InChIKey

SMILES (Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry Specification) A specification for unambiguously describing the structure of chemical molecules using short ASCII strings. Canonical SMILES specify a unique representation of the 2D structure without chiral or isotopic specifications. Isomeric SMILES include chiral specification and isotopes.

Standard InChI (IUPAC International Chemical Identifier) and InChIKey InChI is a non-proprietary, standard, textual identifier for chemical substances designed to facilitate linking of information and database searching. An InChIKey is a simplified version of a full InChI, designed for easier web searching.

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Canonical SMILES CN(C(=N)N=C(N)N)C
Isomeric SMILES CN(C(=N)N=C(N)N)C
InChI InChI=1S/C4H11N5/c1-9(2)4(7)8-3(5)6/h1-2H3,(H5,5,6,7,8)
InChI Key XZWYZXLIPXDOLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
No information available.
Summary of Clinical Use Click here for help
Used in the management of non-insulin dependent type 2 diabetes as an adjunct to diet and exercise. Also used in the management of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
Metformin is combined with canagliflozin in Invokamet®, (also marketed as Vokanamet®) the first fixed-dose combination of an SGLT2 inhibitor with metformin to be approved (by the US FDA, 2014). Later in 2014, the US FDA approved a second SGLT2/metformin drug, Xigduo XR®, which contains dapagliflozin (as dapagliflozin propanediol monohydrate PubChem CID 56841155) and metformin hydrochloride. The first approval of a metformin-containing drug mixture by the EMA was for Avandamet (rosiglitazone plus metformin), although this drug was later withdrawn from the market. Avandamet has been superceeded by newer and more effective anti-diabetes combination drugs.
Mechanism Of Action and Pharmacodynamic Effects Click here for help
Metformin works mainly by inhibiting glucose production and reducing its absorption in the gut, which appear to rely on metformin-induced activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK).
External links Click here for help
For extended ADME data see the following:

Electronic Medicines Compendium (eMC)
Drugs.com