Protein turnover

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Overview « Hide

Peptidases and proteinases hydrolyse peptide bonds, and can be simply divided on the basis of whether terminal peptide bonds are cleaved (exopeptidases and exoproteinases) at the amino terminus (aminopeptidases) or carboxy terminus (carboxypeptidases). Non-terminal peptide bonds are cleaved by endopeptidases and endoproteinases, which are divided into serine endopeptidases (EC 3.4.21.-), cysteine endopeptidases (EC 3.4.22.-), aspartate endopeptidases (EC 3.4.23.-), metalloendopeptidases (EC 3.4.24.-) and threonine endopeptidases (EC 3.4.25.-).

It is beyond the scope of the Guide to list all peptidase and proteinase activities; this summary focuses on selected enzymes of significant pharmacological interest.


Aminopeptidases


Unless otherwise stated all data refer to the human proteins. Gene information is provided for human (Hs), mouse (Mm) and rat (Rn).

Enzymes

Aminopeptidase A Show »

Aminopeptidase N Show »

Aminopeptidase O Show »

Aminopeptidase Q Show »

Aminopeptidase-like 1 Show »

Arginyl aminopeptidase Show »

Arginyl aminopeptidase-like 1 Show »

Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 Show »

Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 2 Show »

Glutamyl aminopeptidase Show »

Leucine aminopeptidase 3 Show »

Leucyl-cysteinyl aminopeptidase Show »

Leukotriene A4 hydrolase Show »

Methionyl aminopeptidase 1 Show »

Methionyl aminopeptidase 2 Show »

Methionyl aminopeptidase type 1D (mitochondrial) Show »

Puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase Show »

Puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase-like protein Show »

TRH-specific aminopeptidase Show »

X-prolyl aminopeptidase 1 Show »

X-prolyl aminopeptidase 2 Show »

X-prolyl aminopeptidase 3 Show »


Serine-type carboxypeptidases


Unless otherwise stated all data refer to the human proteins. Gene information is provided for human (Hs), mouse (Mm) and rat (Rn).

Enzymes

Cathepsin A Show »

Carboxypeptidase D Show »

Vitellogenic carboxypeptidase-like protein Show »

Prolylcarboxypeptidase Show »

Serine carboxypeptidase 1 Show »


Metallocarboxypeptidases


Unless otherwise stated all data refer to the human proteins. Gene information is provided for human (Hs), mouse (Mm) and rat (Rn).

Enzymes

AE binding protein 1 Show »

Carboxypeptidase A1 (pancreatic) Show »

Carboxypeptidase A2 (pancreatic) Show »

Carboxypeptidase A3 (mast cell) Show »

Carboxypeptidase A4 Show »

Carboxypeptidase A5 Show »

Carboxypeptidase A6 Show »

Carboxypeptidase B1 (tissue) Show »

Carboxypeptidase B2 (plasma) Show »

Carboxypeptidase E Show »

Carboxypeptidase M Show »

Carboxypeptidase N, polypeptide 1 Show »

Carboxypeptidase N, polypeptide 2 Show »

Carboxypeptidase O Show »

Carboxypeptidase X (M14 family), member 1 Show »

Carboxypeptidase X (M14 family), member 2 Show »

Carboxypeptidase Z Show »

Carnosine dipeptidase 1 (metallopeptidase M20 family) Show »

Carnosine dipeptidase 2 Show »

Dipeptidyl-peptidase 7 Show »

Folate hydrolase (prostate-specific membrane antigen) 1 Show »

Folate hydrolase 1B Show »

N-Acetylated α-linked acidic dipeptidase-like 1 Show »

N-Acetylated α-linked acidic dipeptidase 2 Show »

Plasma glutamate carboxypeptidase Show »


Endopeptidases


Unless otherwise stated all data refer to the human proteins. Gene information is provided for human (Hs), mouse (Mm) and rat (Rn).

Enzymes

Neutral endopeptidase Show »

Dipeptidyl peptidase IV Show »

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 1 Show »

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Show »

Endothelin-converting enzyme 1 Show »

Endothelin-converting enzyme 2 Show »


Caspases


Overview « Hide

Caspases, (E.C. 3.4.22.-) which derive their name from Cysteine ASPartate-specific proteASES, include at least two families; initiator caspases (caspases 2, 8, 9 and 10), which are able to hydrolyse and activate a second family of effector caspases (caspases 3, 6 and 7), which themselves are able to hydrolyse further cellular proteins to bring about programmed cell death. Caspases are heterotetrameric, being made up of two pairs of subunits, generated by a single gene product, which is proteolysed to form the mature protein. Members of the mammalian inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAP) are able to bind the procaspases, thereby preventing maturation to active proteinases.


Unless otherwise stated all data refer to the human proteins. Gene information is provided for human (Hs), mouse (Mm) and rat (Rn).

Enzymes

Caspase 1 Show »

Caspase 2 Show »

Caspase 3 Show »

Caspase 4 Show »

Caspase 5 Show »

Caspase 6 Show »

Caspase 7 Show »

Caspase 8 Show »

Caspase 9 Show »

Caspase 10 Show »

Caspase 14 Show »


Comments Show »


Cell-surface protein and extracellular matrix metalloproteinases


Overview « Hide

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are calcium- and zinc-dependent proteinases regulating the extracellular matrix and are often divided (e.g. [19]) on functional and structural bases into gelatinases, collagenases, stromyelinases and matrilysins, as well as membrane type-MMP (MT-MMP).

A number of small molecule ‘broad spectrum’ inhibitors of MMP have been described, including marimastat and batimastat.

Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP) proteins are endogenous inhibitors acting to chelate MMP proteins: TIMP1, TIMP2, TIMP3, TIMP4


Unless otherwise stated all data refer to the human proteins. Gene information is provided for human (Hs), mouse (Mm) and rat (Rn).

Enzymes

MMP1 Show »

MMP2 Show »

MMP3 Show »

MMP7 Show »

MMP8 Show »

MMP9 Show »

MMP10 Show »

MMP11 Show »

MMP12 Show »

MMP13 Show »

MMP14 Show »

MMP15 Show »

MMP16 Show »

MMP17 Show »

MMP19 Show »

MMP20 Show »

MMP21 Show »

MMP23 Show »

MMP24 Show »

MMP25 Show »

MMP26 Show »

MMP27 Show »

MMP28 Show »


ADAM


Overview « Hide

ADAM (A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase domain containing proteins) metalloproteinases cleave cell-surface or transmembrane proteins to generate soluble and membrane-limited products.

Additional family members include AC123767.2 (cDNA FLJ58962, moderately similar to mouse ADAM3, ENSG00000231168), AL160191.3 (ADAM21-like protein, ENSG00000235812), AC136428.3-2 (ENSG00000185520) and ADAMDEC1 (decysin 1, ENSG00000134028).


Unless otherwise stated all data refer to the human proteins. Gene information is provided for human (Hs), mouse (Mm) and rat (Rn).

Enzymes

ADAM2 Show »

ADAM3 Show »

ADAM5 Show »

ADAM6 Show »

ADAM7 Show »

ADAM8 Show »

ADAM9 Show »

ADAM10 Show »

ADAM11 Show »

ADAM12 Show »

ADAM15 Show »

ADAM17 Show »

ADAM18 Show »

ADAM19 Show »

ADAM20 Show »

ADAM21 Show »

ADAM22 Show »

ADAM23 Show »

ADAM28 Show »

ADAM29 Show »

ADAM30 Show »

ADAM32 Show »

ADAM33 Show »


ADAMTS family


Unless otherwise stated all data refer to the human proteins. Gene information is provided for human (Hs), mouse (Mm) and rat (Rn).

Enzymes

ADAMTS1 Show »

ADAMTS2 Show »

ADAMTS3 Show »

ADAMTS4 Show »

ADAMTS5 Show »

ADAMTS6 Show »

ADAMTS7 Show »

ADAMTS8 Show »

ADAMTS9 Show »

ADAMTS10 Show »

ADAMTS12 Show »

ADAMTS13 Show »

ADAMTS14 Show »

ADAMTS15 Show »

ADAMTS16 Show »

ADAMTS17 Show »

ADAMTS18 Show »

ADAMTS19 Show »

ADAMTS20 Show »

PAPLN Show »


Comments Show »


Further Reading Show »

References Show »