BPS/IUPHAR Guide to Pharmacology | GRAC CATALYTICRECEPTOR FAMILIES

Pattern Recognition receptors

Jump to

Toll-like receptor family
NOD-like receptor family

Pattern recognition receptors (PRR, [13]) participate in the innate immune response to microbial agents, the stimulation of which leads to activation of intracellular enzymes and regulation of gene transcription. PRR include both cell-surface and intracellular proteins, including toll-like receptors (TLR), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLR, also known as NOD-like receptors) and the mannose receptor family (ENSFM00250000004089). PRR may be divided into signalling-associated members, identified here, and endocytic members (such as the mannose receptor family), the function of which appears to be to recognise particular microbial motifs for subsequent cell attachment, internalisation and destruction.

PRRs express multiple leucine-rich regions to bind a range of microbially-derived ligands, termed PAMPs or pathogen-associated molecular patterns, which includes peptides, carbohydrates, peptidoglycans, lipoproteins, lipopolysaccharides, and nucleic acids.

Toll-like receptor family

Overview Show »« Hide

Members of this family share significant homology with the interleukin-1 receptor family and appear to require dimerization either as homo- or heterodimers for functional activity. Heterodimerization appears to influence the potency of ligand binding substantially (e.g. TLR1/2 and TLR2/6, [14-15]). TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6 and TLR11 are cell-surface proteins, while other members are associated with intracellular organelles, signalling through the MyD88-dependent pathways (with the exception of TLR3). As well as responding to exogenous infectious agents, it has been suggested that selected members of the family may be activated by endogenous ligands, such as hsp60 [9].

Unless otherwise stated all data refer to the human proteins. Gene information is provided for human (Hs), mouse (Mm) and rat (Rn).

Receptors

TLR1 Show »« Hide

Nomenclature	TLR1
Other names	Toll/interleukin-1 receptor-like protein, CD281, TIL, rsc786, KIAA0012, LOC305354, Tlr1_predicted, rCG56938-like, toll-like receptor 1, toll-like receptor 1 (predicted)
Genes	TLR1 (Hs), Tlr1 (Mm), Tlr1 (Rn)
Ensembl ID	ENSG00000174125 (Hs), ENSMUSG00000044827 (Mm), ENSRNOG00000042926 (Rn)

TLR2 Show »« Hide

TLR3 Show »« Hide

TLR4 Show »« Hide

Nomenclature

TLR4

Other names

CD284, hToll, ARMD10, TLR-4, toll-like receptor 4, toll4, Lps, Rasl2-8, lipopolysaccharide response

Genes

TLR4 (Hs), Tlr4 (Mm), Tlr4 (Rn)

Ensembl ID

ENSG00000136869 (Hs), ENSMUSG00000039005 (Mm), ENSRNOG00000010522 (Rn)

Agonists

LPS [10]

taxol [7]

Comment

eritoran (E5564) is a lipid A analogue, which has been described as a TLR4 antagonist [6].

TLR5 Show »« Hide

TLR6 Show »« Hide

TLR7 Show »« Hide

Nomenclature

TLR7

Other names

LOC317468, RGD1563357, RGD1563357_predicted, Tlr7, Tlr7_predicted, similar to toll-like receptor 7, similar to toll-like receptor 7 (predicted), toll-like receptor 7, toll-like receptor 7 (predicted)

Genes

TLR7 (Hs), Tlr7 (Mm), Tlr7 (Rn)

Ensembl ID

ENSG00000196664 (Hs), ENSMUSG00000044583 (Mm), ENSRNOG00000004249 (Rn)

Agonists

imiquimod [4]

loxoribine [3]

R848 [4]

TLR8 Show »« Hide

TLR9 Show »« Hide

TLR10 Show »« Hide

Nomenclature	TLR10
Other names	CD290, LOC305355, Tlr10_predicted, toll-like receptor 10, toll-like receptor 10 (predicted)
Genes	TLR10 (Hs), Tlr10 (Rn)
Ensembl ID	ENSG00000174123 (Hs), ENSRNOG00000038722 (Rn)

TLR11 Show »« Hide

NOD-like receptor family

Overview Show »« Hide

Structural analysis has identified a common motif of a mid-peptide located nucleotide-binding and oligomerization (NACHT) domain, which allows division of NOD-like receptors into three subfamilies, NLRC (or NODs), NLRP (or NALP) and IPAF [11]. NLRC members are named on the basis of a sequence motif expressed at their N-termini, the caspase recruitment domain (CARD), while NLRP members have a pyrin domain. NLRs express C-terminal leucine-rich regions which have regulatory function and appear to recognize the microbial products to which the NLRs respond. NLRC family members recruit a serine/threonine kinase RIPK2 (receptor-interacting serine/threonine kinase 2, also known as CARD3, CARDIAK, RICK, RIP2, ENSG00000104312) leading to signalling through NFκB and MAP kinase. NLRP family members, upon activation, recruit adaptor proteins (e.g. Asc also known as PYCARD, CARD5, TMS-1, ENSG00000103490). Activated NLRs associate in multiprotein complexes, known as inflammasomes [11], allowing the recruitment of caspases.

Unless otherwise stated all data refer to the human proteins. Gene information is provided for human (Hs), mouse (Mm) and rat (Rn).

Receptors

NLRC1 Show »« Hide

Nomenclature

NLRC1

Other names

NOD1, CARD4, CLR7.1, caspase recruitment domain family, member 4, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine rich repeat and CARD domain containing 1, NLR family, CARD domain containing 1, LOC500133, RGD1562269, RGD1562269_predicted, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 1, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1, similar to Caspase recruitment domain protein 4, similar to Caspase recruitment domain protein 4 (predicted)

Genes

NOD1 (Hs), Nod1 (Mm), Nod1 (Rn)

Ensembl ID

ENSG00000106100 (Hs), ENSMUSG00000038058 (Mm), ENSRNOG00000010629 (Rn)

Agonists

meso-DAP

NLRC2 Show »« Hide

Nomenclature

NLRC2

Other names

NOD2, BLAU, CARD15, CD, CLR16.3, IBD1, PSORAS1, caspase recruitment domain family, member 15, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine rich repeat and CARD domain containing 2, NOD-like receptor C2, NLR family, CARD domain containing 2, Card15_predicted, LOC291912, caspase recruitment domain family, member 15 (predicted), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2

Genes

NOD2 (Hs), Nod2 (Mm), Nod2 (Rn)

Ensembl ID

ENSG00000167207 (Hs), ENSMUSG00000055994 (Mm), ENSRNOG00000014124 (Rn)

Agonists

muramyl dipeptide

NLRC3 Show »« Hide

Nomenclature	NLRC3
Other names	NOD3, CLR16.2s, CLR16.2, FLJ00348, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine rich repeat and CARD domain containing 3, NOD-like receptor C3, LOC287070_predicted, Nlrc3, RGD1304902, RGD1304902_predicted, NLR family, CARD domain containing 3, NLR family, CARD domain containing 3, pseudogene 1, similar to NOD3 (predicted), Caterpiller 16.2
Genes	NLRC3 (Hs), Nlrc3 (Mm), Nlrc3-ps1 (Rn)
Ensembl ID	ENSG00000167984 (Hs), ENSMUSG00000049871 (Mm), ENSRNOG00000024210 (Rn)

NLRC5 Show »« Hide

Nomenclature	NLRC5
Other names	NOD4, NOD27, CLR16.1, FLJ21709, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine rich repeat and CARD domain containing 5, NOD-like receptor C5, AI451557
Genes	NLRC5 (Hs), Nlrc5 (Mm)
Ensembl ID	ENSG00000140853 (Hs), ENSMUSG00000074151 (Mm)

NLRX1 Show »« Hide

Nomenclature	NLRX1
Other names	NOD9, CLR11.3, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine rich repeat containing X1, NOD-like receptor X1, NLR family, X1, LOC315599_predicted, RGD1311293, RGD1311293_predicted, NLR family member X1, similar to CDNA sequence BC034204, similar to CDNA sequence BC034204 (predicted)
Genes	NLRX1 (Hs), Nlrx1 (Mm), Nlrx1 (Rn)
Ensembl ID	ENSG00000160703 (Hs), ENSMUSG00000032109 (Mm), ENSRNOG00000008771 (Rn)

CIITA Show »« Hide

Nomenclature	CIITA
Other names	Class II major histocompatability complex, C2TA, MHC2TA, NLRA, MHC class II transactivator, NLR family, acid domain containing, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine rich repeat and acid domain containing, MHC class II transactivator type IV, class II transactivator, Gm9475
Genes	CIITA (Hs), Ciita (Mm), Ciita (Rn)
Ensembl ID	ENSG00000179583 (Hs), ENSMUSG00000022504 (Mm), ENSMUSG00000075404 (Mm), ENSRNOG00000002659 (Rn)

NLRP1 Show »« Hide

Nomenclature

NLRP1

Other names

CARD7, CLR17.1, DEFCAP, DKFZp586O1822, KIAA0926, NAC, NALP1, NACHT, leucine rich repeat and PYD (pyrin domain) containing 1, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine rich repeat and pyrin domain containing 1, LOC360557, Nalp1_predicted, Nlrp1, NACHT, leucine rich repeat and PYD containing 1, NACHT, leucine rich repeat and PYD containing 1 (predicted), NLR family protein 1, NLR family, pyrin domain containing 1, NLR family, pyrin domain containing 1A, resistant anthrax lethal toxin

Genes

NLRP1 (Hs), Nlrp1a (Mm), Nlrp1a (Rn)

Ensembl ID

ENSG00000091592 (Hs), ENSMUSG00000069830 (Mm), ENSRNOG00000023143 (Rn)

Agonists

muramyl dipeptide

NLRP2 Show »« Hide

Nomenclature	NLRP2
Other names	CLR19.9, FLJ20510, NALP2, NBS1, PAN1, PYPAF2, NACHT, leucine rich repeat and PYD containing 2, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine rich repeat and pyrin domain containing 2
Genes	NLRP2 (Hs), Nlrp2 (Mm)
Ensembl ID	ENSG00000022556 (Hs), ENSMUSG00000035177 (Mm)

NLRP3 Show »« Hide

Nomenclature	NLRP3
Other names	AGTAVPRL, AII, AVP, C1orf7, CIAS1, CLR1.1, FCAS, FCU, MWS, NALP3, PYPAF1, Cryopyrin, cold autoinflammatory syndrome 1, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine rich repeat and pyrin domain containing 3, Cias1_predicted, LOC287362, Nlrp3_predicted, NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3, NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3, NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3 (predicted), cold autoinflammatory syndrome 1 (predicted), cold autoinflammatory syndrome 1 homolog, cold autoinflammatory syndrome 1 homolog (human) (predicted), Mmig1
Genes	NLRP3 (Hs), Nlrp3 (Mm), Nlrp3 (Rn)
Ensembl ID	ENSG00000162711 (Hs), ENSMUSG00000032691 (Mm), ENSRNOG00000003170 (Rn)
Comment	Multiple virus particles have been shown to act as agonists, including Sendai and influenza

NLRP4 Show »« Hide

Nomenclature	NLRP4
Other names	CLR19.5, CT58, FLJ32126, NALP4, PAN2, PYPAF4, RNH2, NACHT, leucine rich repeat and PYD containing 4, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine rich repeat and pyrin domain containing 4, cancer/testis antigen 58, LOC499069, Nlrp4e, RGD1563529, RGD1563529_predicted, NLR family, pyrin domain containing 4, NLR family, pyrin domain containing 4E, similar to NALP-alpha (predicted), Nalp-epsilon, Nalp4e
Genes	NLRP4 (Hs), Nlrp4e (Mm), Nlrp4 (Rn)
Ensembl ID	ENSG00000160505 (Hs), ENSMUSG00000045693 (Mm), ENSRNOG00000021996 (Rn)

NLRP5 Show »« Hide

Nomenclature	NLRP5
Other names	CLR19.8, MATER, NALP5, PAN11, PYPAF8, NACHT, leucine rich repeat and PYD containing 5, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine rich repeat and pyrin domain containing 5, LOC308325, Nalp5_predicted, NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 5, NACHT, leucine rich repeat and PYD containing 5 (predicted), NLR family, pyrin domain containing 5, Op1
Genes	NLRP5 (Hs), Nlrp5 (Mm), Nlrp5 (Rn)
Ensembl ID	ENSG00000171487 (Hs), ENSMUSG00000015721 (Mm), ENSRNOG00000022994 (Rn)

NLRP6 Show »« Hide

Nomenclature	NLRP6
Other names	CLR11.4, NALP6, PAN3, PYPAF5, NACHT, leucine rich repeat and PYD containing 6, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine rich repeat and pyrin domain containing 6, LOC171390, NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 6, NLR family, pyrin domain containing 6, PYRIN-containing APAF1-like protein 5-like, angiotensin II/vasopressin receptor, angiotensin/vasopressin receptor, dual angiotensin II/vasopressin receptor
Genes	NLRP6 (Hs), Nlrp6 (Mm), Nlrp6 (Rn)
Ensembl ID	ENSG00000174885 (Hs), ENSMUSG00000038745 (Mm), ENSRNOG00000014685 (Rn)

NLRP7 Show »« Hide

Nomenclature	NLRP7
Other names	CLR19.4, NALP7, NOD12, PAN7, PYPAF3, NACHT, leucine rich repeat and PYD containing 7, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine rich repeat and pyrin domain containing 7
Genes	NLRP7 (Hs)
Ensembl ID	ENSG00000167634 (Hs)

NLRP8 Show »« Hide

Nomenclature	NLRP8
Other names	CLR19.2, NALP8, NOD16, PAN4, NACHT, leucine rich repeat and PYD containing 8, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine rich repeat and pyrin domain containing 8
Genes	NLRP8 (Hs)
Ensembl ID	ENSG00000179709 (Hs)

NLRP9 Show »« Hide

Nomenclature	NLRP9
Other names	CLR19.1, NALP9, NOD6, PAN12, NACHT, leucine rich repeat and PYD containing 9, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine rich repeat and pyrin domain containing 9, LOC292577, Nalp9b, Nalp9b_predicted, Nlrp9b, NACHT, LRR and PYD containing protein 9b, NACHT, LRR and PYD containing protein 9b (predicted), NLR family, pyrin domain containing 9, NLR family, pyrin domain containing 9B, Nalp-delta
Genes	NLRP9 (Hs), Nlrp9b (Mm), Nlrp9 (Rn)
Ensembl ID	ENSG00000185792 (Hs), ENSMUSG00000060508 (Mm), ENSRNOG00000021913 (Rn)

NLRP10 Show »« Hide

Nomenclature	NLRP10
Other names	CLR11.1, NALP10, NOD8, PAN5, Pynod, NACHT, leucine rich repeat and PYD containing 10, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine rich repeat and pyrin domain containing 10, LOC293426, Nalp10_predicted, NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 10, NACHT, leucine rich repeat and PYD containing 10 (predicted), NLR family, pyrin domain containing 10
Genes	NLRP10 (Hs), Nlrp10 (Mm), Nlrp10 (Rn)
Ensembl ID	ENSG00000182261 (Hs), ENSMUSG00000049709 (Mm), ENSRNOG00000015082 (Rn)

NLRP11 Show »« Hide

Nomenclature	NLRP11
Other names	CLR19.6, NALP11, NOD17, PAN10, PYPAF6, NACHT, leucine rich repeat and PYD containing 11, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine rich repeat and pyrin domain containing 11
Genes	NLRP11 (Hs)
Ensembl ID	ENSG00000179873 (Hs)

NLRP12 Show »« Hide

Nomenclature	NLRP12
Other names	CLR19.3, Monarch1, NALP12, PAN6, PYPAF7, RNO2, NACHT, leucine rich repeat and PYD containing 12, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine rich repeat and pyrin domain containing 12, LOC292541, Nalp12_predicted, NACHT, leucine rich repeat and PYD containing 12 (predicted)
Genes	NLRP12 (Hs), Nlrp12 (Mm), Nlrp12 (Rn)
Ensembl ID	ENSG00000142405 (Hs), ENSMUSG00000078817 (Mm), ENSRNOG00000014812 (Rn)

NLRP13 Show »« Hide

Nomenclature	NLRP13
Other names	CLR19.7, NALP13, NOD14, PAN13, NACHT, leucine rich repeat and PYD containing 13, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine rich repeat and pyrin domain containing 13
Genes	NLRP13 (Hs)
Ensembl ID	ENSG00000173572 (Hs)

NLRP14 Show »« Hide

Nomenclature	NLRP14
Other names	CLR11.2, GC-LRR, Nalp-iota, NALP14, NOD5, PAN8, NACHT, leucine rich repeat and PYD containing 14, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine rich repeat and pyrin domain containing 14
Genes	NLRP14 (Hs), Nlrp14 (Mm)
Ensembl ID	ENSG00000158077 (Hs), ENSMUSG00000016626 (Mm)

IPAF Show »« Hide

Nomenclature	IPAF
Other names	NOD4, NLRC4, CARD12, CLAN1, ipaf, CLANA, CLANB, CLANC, CLAND, CLR2.1, CLAN, caspase recruitment domain family, member 12, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine rich repeat and CARD domain containing 4, NOD-like receptor C4, Card12_predicted, LOC298784, NLR family CARD domain-containing protein 4, NLR family, CARD domain containing 4, caspase recruitment domain family, member 12 (predicted)
Genes	NLRC4 (Hs), Nlrc4 (Mm), Nlrc4 (Rn)
Ensembl ID	ENSG00000091106 (Hs), ENSMUSG00000039193 (Mm), ENSRNOG00000005810 (Rn)

NAIP Show »« Hide

Nomenclature	NAIP
Other names	BIRC1, NLRB1, baculoviral IAP repeat-containing 1, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine rich repeat and BIR domain containing 1, NLR family, BIR domain containing 1, Birc1a, Birc1b, Naip, NLR family, apoptosis inhibitory protein 2, baculoviral IAP repeat-containing 1b, neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein, D13Lsd1
Genes	NAIP (Hs), Naip1 (Mm), Naip2 (Rn)
Ensembl ID	ENSG00000249437 (Hs), ENSMUSG00000021640 (Mm)

Comments Show »« Hide