Paraoxonases (PON) are calcium-dependent esterases, which may be involved in lipoprotein turnover and the conversion of lactone statin prodrugs, as well as being targets of organophosphates, such as the insecticide paraoxon.

* Key recommended reading is highlighted with an asterisk

Chistiakov DA, Melnichenko AA, Orekhov AN, Bobryshev YV. (2017) Paraoxonase and atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular diseases. Biochimie, 132: 19-27. [PMID:27771368]

Costa LG, de Laat R, Dao K, Pellacani C, Cole TB, Furlong CE. (2014) Paraoxonase-2 (PON2) in brain and its potential role in neuroprotection. Neurotoxicology, 43: 3-9. [PMID:24012887]

Costa LG, Giordano G, Cole TB, Marsillach J, Furlong CE. (2013) Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) as a genetic determinant of susceptibility to organophosphate toxicity. Toxicology, 307: 115-22. [PMID:22884923]

Li H, Horke S, Förstermann U. (2013) Oxidative stress in vascular disease and its pharmacological prevention. Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 34 (6): 313-9. [PMID:23608227]

Mackness M, Mackness B. (2015) Human paraoxonase-1 (PON1): Gene structure and expression, promiscuous activities and multiple physiological roles. Gene, 567 (1): 12-21. [PMID:25965560]

Trenk D, Hochholzer W. (2014) Genetics of platelet inhibitor treatment. Br J Clin Pharmacol, 77 (4): 642-53. [PMID:23981082]

1. Draganov DI, Teiber JF, Speelman A, Osawa Y, Sunahara R, La Du BN. (2005) Human paraoxonases (PON1, PON2, and PON3) are lactonases with overlapping and distinct substrate specificities. J. Lipid Res., 46 (6): 1239-47. [PMID:15772423]

2. Kao Y, Donaghue KC, Chan A, Bennetts BH, Knight J, Silink M. (2002) Paraoxonase gene cluster is a genetic marker for early microvascular complications in type 1 diabetes. Diabet. Med., 19 (3): 212-5. [PMID:11918623]

3. Kao YL, Donaghue K, Chan A, Knight J, Silink M. (1998) A variant of paraoxonase (PON1) gene is associated with diabetic retinopathy in IDDM. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 83 (7): 2589-92. [PMID:9661650]