Overview
Phospholipids are the basic barrier components of membranes in eukaryotic cells divided into glycerophospholipids (phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol and its phosphorylated derivatives) and sphingolipids (ceramide phosphorylcholine and ceramide phosphorylethanolamine).
Further reading
* Key recommended reading is highlighted with an asterisk
Altan-Bonnet N, Balla T. (2012) Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases: hostages harnessed to build panviral replication platforms. Trends Biochem. Sci., 37 (7): 293-302. [PMID:22633842]
Astudillo AM, Balgoma D, Balboa MA, Balsinde J. (2012) Dynamics of arachidonic acid mobilization by inflammatory cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1821 (2): 249-56. [PMID:22155285]
Balla T. (2009) Regulation of Ca2+ entry by inositol lipids in mammalian cells by multiple mechanisms. Cell Calcium, 45 (6): 527-34. [PMID:19395084]
Bechler ME, de Figueiredo P, Brown WJ. (2012) A PLA1-2 punch regulates the Golgi complex. Trends Cell Biol., 22 (2): 116-24. [PMID:22130221]
Berridge MJ. (2009) Inositol trisphosphate and calcium signalling mechanisms. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1793 (6): 933-40. [PMID:19010359]
Brown HA, Marnett LJ. (2011) Introduction to lipid biochemistry, metabolism, and signaling. Chem. Rev., 111 (10): 5817-20. [PMID:21951202]
Bunney TD, Katan M. (2010) Phosphoinositide signalling in cancer: beyond PI3K and PTEN. Nat. Rev. Cancer, 10 (5): 342-52. [PMID:20414202]
Bunney TD, Katan M. (2011) PLC regulation: emerging pictures for molecular mechanisms. Trends Biochem. Sci., 36 (2): 88-96. [PMID:20870410]
Cao J, Burke JE, Dennis EA. (2013) Using hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry to define the specific interactions of the phospholipase A2 superfamily with lipid substrates, inhibitors, and membranes. J. Biol. Chem., 288 (3): 1806-13. [PMID:23209293]
* Cauvin C, Echard A. (2015) Phosphoinositides: Lipids with informative heads and mastermind functions in cell division. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1851 (6): 832-43. [PMID:25449648]
Chen Y, Wang BC, Xiao Y. (2012) PI3K: a potential therapeutic target for cancer. J. Cell. Physiol., 227 (7): 2818-21. [PMID:21938729]
Clayton EL, Minogue S, Waugh MG. (2013) Mammalian phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases as modulators of membrane trafficking and lipid signaling networks. Prog. Lipid Res., 52 (3): 294-304. [PMID:23608234]
Cocco L, Follo MY, Faenza I, Fiume R, Ramazzotti G, Weber G, Martelli AM, Manzoli FA. (2011) Physiology and pathology of nuclear phospholipase C β1. Adv. Enzyme Regul., 51 (1): 2-12. [PMID:21035488]
Cushing TD, Metz DP, Whittington DA, McGee LR. (2012) PI3Kδ and PI3Kγ as targets for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. J. Med. Chem., 55 (20): 8559-81. [PMID:22924688]
Dan P, Rosenblat G, Yedgar S. (2012) Phospholipase A₂ activities in skin physiology and pathology. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 691 (1-3): 1-8. [PMID:22819703]
Falkenburger BH, Jensen JB, Dickson EJ, Suh BC, Hille B. (2010) Phosphoinositides: lipid regulators of membrane proteins. J. Physiol. (Lond.), 588 (Pt 17): 3179-85. [PMID:20519312]
Flanagan JU, Shepherd PR. (2014) Structure, function and inhibition of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase p110α enzyme. Biochem. Soc. Trans., 42 (1): 120-4. [PMID:24450638]
Frisardi V, Panza F, Seripa D, Farooqui T, Farooqui AA. (2011) Glycerophospholipids and glycerophospholipid-derived lipid mediators: a complex meshwork in Alzheimer's disease pathology. Prog. Lipid Res., 50 (4): 313-30. [PMID:21703303]
Funakoshi Y, Hasegawa H, Kanaho Y. (2011) Regulation of PIP5K activity by Arf6 and its physiological significance. J. Cell. Physiol., 226 (4): 888-95. [PMID:20945365]
Fung-Leung WP. (2011) Phosphoinositide 3-kinase delta (PI3Kδ) in leukocyte signaling and function. Cell. Signal., 23 (4): 603-8. [PMID:20940048]
Gomez-Cambronero J. (2011) The exquisite regulation of PLD2 by a wealth of interacting proteins: S6K, Grb2, Sos, WASp and Rac2 (and a surprise discovery: PLD2 is a GEF). Cell. Signal., 23 (12): 1885-95. [PMID:21740967]
Gomez-Cambronero J. (2012) Biochemical and cellular implications of a dual lipase-GEF function of phospholipase D2 (PLD2). J. Leukoc. Biol., 92 (3): 461-7. [PMID:22750546]
Graham TR, Burd CG. (2011) Coordination of Golgi functions by phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases. Trends Cell Biol., 21 (2): 113-21. [PMID:21282087]
Harden TK, Waldo GL, Hicks SN, Sondek J. (2011) Mechanism of activation and inactivation of Gq/phospholipase C-β signaling nodes. Chem. Rev., 111 (10): 6120-9. [PMID:21988240]
Harris TE, Finck BN. (2011) Dual function lipin proteins and glycerolipid metabolism. Trends Endocrinol. Metab., 22 (6): 226-33. [PMID:21470873]
Hermansson M, Hokynar K, Somerharju P. (2011) Mechanisms of glycerophospholipid homeostasis in mammalian cells. Prog. Lipid Res., 50 (3): 240-57. [PMID:21382416]
Hollander MC, Blumenthal GM, Dennis PA. (2011) PTEN loss in the continuum of common cancers, rare syndromes and mouse models. Nat. Rev. Cancer, 11 (4): 289-301. [PMID:21430697]
Hui DY. (2012) Phospholipase A(2) enzymes in metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Curr. Opin. Lipidol., 23 (3): 235-40. [PMID:22327613]
* Irvine RF. (2016) A short history of inositol lipids. J. Lipid Res., 57 (11): 1987-1994. [PMID:27623846]
Ito J, Parrington J, Fissore RA. (2011) PLCζ and its role as a trigger of development in vertebrates. Mol. Reprod. Dev., 78 (10-11): 846-53. [PMID:21823187]
Jang JH, Lee CS, Hwang D, Ryu SH. (2012) Understanding of the roles of phospholipase D and phosphatidic acid through their binding partners. Prog. Lipid Res., 51 (2): 71-81. [PMID:22212660]
Kim JK, Lim S, Kim J, Kim S, Kim JH, Ryu SH, Suh PG. (2011) Subtype-specific roles of phospholipase C-β via differential interactions with PDZ domain proteins. Adv. Enzyme Regul., 51 (1): 138-51. [PMID:21035486]
Kok BP, Venkatraman G, Capatos D, Brindley DN. (2012) Unlike two peas in a pod: lipid phosphate phosphatases and phosphatidate phosphatases. Chem. Rev., 112 (10): 5121-46. [PMID:22742522]
Kolesnikov YS, Nokhrina KP, Kretynin SV, Volotovski ID, Martinec J, Romanov GA, Kravets VS. (2012) Molecular structure of phospholipase D and regulatory mechanisms of its activity in plant and animal cells. Biochemistry Mosc., 77 (1): 1-14. [PMID:22339628]
Kwiatkowska K. (2010) One lipid, multiple functions: how various pools of PI(4,5)P(2) are created in the plasma membrane. Cell. Mol. Life Sci., 67 (23): 3927-46. [PMID:20559679]
Leslie NR, Foti M. (2011) Non-genomic loss of PTEN function in cancer: not in my genes. Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 32 (3): 131-40. [PMID:21236500]
Liu Y, Bankaitis VA. (2010) Phosphoinositide phosphatases in cell biology and disease. Prog. Lipid Res., 49 (3): 201-17. [PMID:20043944]
Lyon AM, Tesmer JJ. (2013) Structural insights into phospholipase C-β function. Mol. Pharmacol., 84 (4): 488-500. [PMID:23880553]
Maffucci T, Falasca M. (2014) New insight into the intracellular roles of class II phosphoinositide 3-kinases. Biochem. Soc. Trans., 42 (5): 1378-82. [PMID:25233418]
Murakami M, Taketomi Y, Sato H, Yamamoto K. (2011) Secreted phospholipase A2 revisited. J. Biochem., 150 (3): 233-55. [PMID:21746768]
Oude Weernink PA, Han L, Jakobs KH, Schmidt M. (2007) Dynamic phospholipid signaling by G protein-coupled receptors. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1768 (4): 888-900. [PMID:17054901]
Oude Weernink PA, Schmidt M, Jakobs KH. (2004) Regulation and cellular roles of phosphoinositide 5-kinases. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 500 (1-3): 87-99. [PMID:15464023]
Pascual F, Carman GM. (2013) Phosphatidate phosphatase, a key regulator of lipid homeostasis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1831 (3): 514-22. [PMID:22910056]
Peng X, Frohman MA. (2012) Mammalian phospholipase D physiological and pathological roles. Acta Physiol (Oxf), 204 (2): 219-26. [PMID:21447092]
* Poli A, Billi AM, Mongiorgi S, Ratti S, McCubrey JA, Suh PG, Cocco L, Ramazzotti G. (2016) Nuclear Phosphatidylinositol Signaling: Focus on Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate Kinases and Phospholipases C. J. Cell. Physiol., 231 (8): 1645-55. [PMID:26626942]
Polivka Jr J, Janku F. (2014) Molecular targets for cancer therapy in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Pharmacol. Ther., 142 (2): 164-75. [PMID:24333502]
Quach ND, Arnold RD, Cummings BS. (2014) Secretory phospholipase A2 enzymes as pharmacological targets for treatment of disease. Biochem. Pharmacol., 90 (4): 338-48. [PMID:24907600]
Ren H, Panchatcharam M, Mueller P, Escalante-Alcalde D, Morris AJ, Smyth SS. (2013) Lipid phosphate phosphatase (LPP3) and vascular development. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1831 (1): 126-32. [PMID:22835522]
Sabatel H, Pirlot C, Piette J, Habraken Y. (2011) Importance of PIKKs in NF-κB activation by genotoxic stress. Biochem. Pharmacol., 82 (10): 1371-83. [PMID:21872579]
Samadi N, Bekele R, Capatos D, Venkatraman G, Sariahmetoglu M, Brindley DN. (2011) Regulation of lysophosphatidate signaling by autotaxin and lipid phosphate phosphatases with respect to tumor progression, angiogenesis, metastasis and chemo-resistance. Biochimie, 93 (1): 61-70. [PMID:20709140]
Selvy PE, Lavieri RR, Lindsley CW, Brown HA. (2011) Phospholipase D: enzymology, functionality, and chemical modulation. Chem. Rev., 111 (10): 6064-119. [PMID:21936578]
Siniossoglou S. (2013) Phospholipid metabolism and nuclear function: roles of the lipin family of phosphatidic acid phosphatases. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1831 (3): 575-81. [PMID:23026159]
Smrcka AV, Brown JH, Holz GG. (2012) Role of phospholipase Cε in physiological phosphoinositide signaling networks. Cell. Signal., 24 (6): 1333-43. [PMID:22286105]
Song MS, Salmena L, Pandolfi PP. (2012) The functions and regulation of the PTEN tumour suppressor. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 13 (5): 283-96. [PMID:22473468]
Stephens L, Hawkins P. (2013) More paths to PI3Kγ. PLoS Biol., 11 (6): e1001594. [PMID:23853549]
Subramaniam S, Fahy E, Gupta S, Sud M, Byrnes RW, Cotter D, Dinasarapu AR, Maurya MR. (2011) Bioinformatics and systems biology of the lipidome. Chem. Rev., 111 (10): 6452-90. [PMID:21939287]
Sánchez-Fernández G, Cabezudo S, García-Hoz C, Benincá C, Aragay AM, Mayor Jr F, Ribas C. (2014) Gαq signalling: the new and the old. Cell. Signal., 26 (5): 833-48. [PMID:24440667]
van den Bout I, Divecha N. (2009) PIP5K-driven PtdIns(4,5)P2 synthesis: regulation and cellular functions. J. Cell. Sci., 122 (Pt 21): 3837-50. [PMID:19889969]
Vanhaesebroeck B, Guillermet-Guibert J, Graupera M, Bilanges B. (2010) The emerging mechanisms of isoform-specific PI3K signalling. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 11 (5): 329-41. [PMID:20379207]
Vanhaesebroeck B, Stephens L, Hawkins P. (2012) PI3K signalling: the path to discovery and understanding. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 13 (3): 195-203. [PMID:22358332]
Waugh MG. (2012) Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases, phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate and cancer. Cancer Lett., 325 (2): 125-31. [PMID:22750097]
Weinstein H, Scarlata S. (2011) The correlation between multidomain enzymes and multiple activation mechanisms--the case of phospholipase Cβ and its membrane interactions. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1808 (12): 2940-7. [PMID:21906583]
Woscholski R. (2014) Chemical intervention tools to probe phosphoinositide-dependent signalling. Biochem. Soc. Trans., 42 (5): 1343-8. [PMID:25233413]
Yagami T, Yamamoto Y, Koma H. (2014) The role of secretory phospholipase A₂ in the central nervous system and neurological diseases. Mol. Neurobiol., 49 (2): 863-76. [PMID:24113843]
How to cite this family page
Database page citation:
Glycerophospholipid turnover. Accessed on 24/08/2019. IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=244.
Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY citation:
Alexander SPH, Fabbro D, Kelly E, Marrion NV, Peters JA, Faccenda E, Harding SD, Pawson AJ, Sharman JL, Southan C, Davies JA; CGTP Collaborators. (2017) The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2017/18: Enzymes. Br J Pharmacol. 174 Suppl 1: S272-S359.
