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CRF2 receptor

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Target not currently curated in GtoImmuPdb

Target id: 213

Nomenclature: CRF2 receptor

Family: Corticotropin-releasing factor receptors

Gene and Protein Information Click here for help
class B G protein-coupled receptor
Species TM AA Chromosomal Location Gene Symbol Gene Name Reference
Human 7 411 7p14.3 CRHR2 corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 2 10,23
Mouse 7 411 6 27.33 cM Crhr2 corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 2 13,18,21,32
Rat 7 411 4q24 Crhr2 corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 2 25
Previous and Unofficial Names Click here for help
CRFR2 | CRF-R2 | CRH-R2 | CRF 2 receptor | CRFR2alpha | CRFR2beta
Database Links Click here for help
Specialist databases
GPCRdb crfr2_human (Hs), crfr2_mouse (Mm), crfr2_rat (Rn)
Other databases
Alphafold
CATH/Gene3D
ChEMBL Target
Ensembl Gene
Entrez Gene
Human Protein Atlas
KEGG Gene
OMIM
Pharos
RefSeq Nucleotide
RefSeq Protein
SynPHARM
UniProtKB
Wikipedia
Selected 3D Structures Click here for help
Image of receptor 3D structure from RCSB PDB
Description:  CRFR2α extracellular domain in complex with Urocortin 1
PDB Id:  3N96
Ligand:  urocortin 1   This ligand is endogenous
Resolution:  2.75Å
Species:  Human
References:  26
Natural/Endogenous Ligands Click here for help
corticotrophin-releasing hormone {Sp: Human, Mouse, Rat}
urocortin 1 {Sp: Human}
urocortin 2 {Sp: Human}
urocortin 3 {Sp: Human}
urocortin 2 {Sp: Mouse}
urocortin 1 {Sp: Mouse, Rat}
urocortin 3 {Sp: Mouse, Rat}
urocortin 2 {Sp: Rat}

Download all structure-activity data for this target as a CSV file go icon to follow link

Agonists
Key to terms and symbols View all chemical structures Click column headers to sort
Ligand Sp. Action Value Parameter Reference
[125I]urocortin 1 (mouse, rat) Peptide Click here for species-specific activity table Ligand is labelled Ligand is radioactive Hs Full agonist 10.0 pKd 28
pKd 10.0 [28]
[125I]sauvagine (frog) Peptide Click here for species-specific activity table Ligand is labelled Ligand is radioactive Hs Full agonist 9.6 – 9.8 pKd 8,12
pKd 9.6 – 9.8 [8,12]
urocortin 1 {Sp: Human} Peptide Click here for species-specific activity table Ligand is endogenous in the given species Hs Full agonist 9.0 – 9.6 pKd 8,12
pKd 9.0 – 9.6 [8,12]
urocortin 2 {Sp: Human} Peptide Mm Full agonist 9.3 pKd 21,29
pKd 9.3 [21,29]
urocortin 2 {Sp: Mouse} Peptide Ligand is endogenous in the given species Mm Full agonist 9.2 pKd 21
pKd 9.2 [21]
urocortin 1 {Sp: Mouse, Rat} Peptide Ligand is endogenous in the given species Mm Full agonist 8.7 – 9.4 pKd 12,14,21,28,36
pKd 9.0 – 9.4 [12,14,21,28,36]
pKd 8.7 – 9.2 [14,21,28]
urocortin 1 {Sp: Mouse, Rat} Peptide Click here for species-specific activity table Hs Full agonist 8.6 – 9.4 pKd 12
pKd 8.6 – 9.4 [12]
urocortin 1 {Sp: Human} Peptide Mm Full agonist 8.8 pKd 14
pKd 8.8 [14]
urocortin 2 {Sp: Human} Peptide Rn Full agonist 8.8 pKd 21
pKd 8.8 [21]
urocortin 1 {Sp: Human} Peptide Rn Full agonist 8.7 pKd 14
pKd 8.7 [14]
urocortin 2 {Sp: Mouse} Peptide Rn Full agonist 8.7 pKd 21
pKd 8.7 [21]
urocortin 3 {Sp: Mouse, Rat} Peptide Ligand is endogenous in the given species Mm Full agonist 8.7 pKd 21
pKd 8.7 [21]
urocortin 2 {Sp: Human} Peptide Click here for species-specific activity table Ligand is endogenous in the given species Hs Full agonist 8.5 – 8.6 pKd 8
pKd 8.5 – 8.6 [8]
sauvagine Peptide Mm Full agonist 8.4 – 8.7 pKd 14,28,36
pKd 8.4 – 8.7 [14,28,36]
urotensin 1 (fish) Peptide Mm Full agonist 8.5 pKd 36
pKd 8.5 [36]
sauvagine Peptide Click here for species-specific activity table Hs Full agonist 7.6 – 9.3 pKd 8,12
pKd 7.6 – 9.3 [8,12]
sauvagine Peptide Rn Full agonist 8.0 – 8.8 pKd 14,28
pKd 8.0 – 8.8 [14,28]
urocortin 3 {Sp: Mouse, Rat} Peptide Ligand is endogenous in the given species Rn Full agonist 8.3 pKd 21
pKd 8.3 [21]
urotensin 1 (fish) Peptide Click here for species-specific activity table Hs Full agonist 7.3 – 8.9 pKd 12
pKd 7.3 – 8.9 [12]
urocortin 3 {Sp: Human} Peptide Ligand is endogenous in the given species Hs Full agonist 7.9 – 8.0 pKd 8
pKd 7.9 – 8.0 [8]
corticotrophin-releasing hormone {Sp: Human, Mouse, Rat} Peptide Ligand is endogenous in the given species Rn Full agonist 7.9 pKd 14
pKd 7.9 [14]
urocortin 3 {Sp: Human} Peptide Mm Full agonist 7.9 pKd 21
pKd 7.9 [21]
urocortin 3 {Sp: Human} Peptide Rn Full agonist 7.7 pKd 21
pKd 7.7 [21]
corticotrophin-releasing hormone {Sp: Human, Mouse, Rat} Peptide Click here for species-specific activity table Ligand is endogenous in the given species Hs Full agonist 6.5 – 7.4 pKd 12
pKd 6.5 – 7.4 [12]
corticotropin-releasing factor {Sp: Sheep} Peptide Click here for species-specific activity table Hs Full agonist 5.9 – 6.9 pKd 8,12
pKd 5.9 – 6.9 [8,12]
corticotrophin-releasing hormone {Sp: Human, Mouse, Rat} Peptide Ligand is endogenous in the given species Mm Full agonist 7.8 pKi 14,36
pKi 7.8 [14,36]
View species-specific agonist tables
Agonist Comments
See Table 1 in the 'introduction' for sequences similarities of the common endogenous ligands.

Urocortin 2 and urocortin 3 are highly selective for CRF2 receptors whereas ovine CRF is selective for CRF1 receptors. Urocortin 1 displays high affinity for all CRF1 and CRF2 receptors.

Agonist potencies:
CRF (ovine) (7.0-7.5); CRF (human) (7.5-8.0); urocortin 1 (human) (9.2-10); sauvagine (frog) (9.2-10); urocortin 2 (human and mouse) (8.5-9.5); urocortin 3 (human and mouse) (7.5-8.5) (units: pEC50).
Antagonists
Key to terms and symbols View all chemical structures Click column headers to sort
Ligand Sp. Action Value Parameter Reference
[125I]antisauvagine Peptide Ligand is labelled Ligand is radioactive Hs Antagonist 9.9 pKd 12
pKd 9.9 [12]
antisauvagine Peptide Hs Antagonist 8.8 – 9.6 pKd 12
pKd 8.8 – 9.6 (Kd 1.58x10-9 – 2.5x10-10 M) [12]
α-helical CRF Peptide Mm Antagonist 9.0 – 9.1 pKd 28
pKd 9.0 – 9.1 [28]
astressin Peptide Mm Antagonist 9.0 pKd 28
pKd 9.0 [28]
astressin Peptide Click here for species-specific activity table Hs Antagonist 8.8 – 8.9 pKd 12
pKd 8.8 – 8.9 [12]
astressin Peptide Rn Antagonist 8.6 – 8.8 pKd 28
pKd 8.6 – 8.8 [28]
α-helical CRF Peptide Rn Antagonist 8.3 – 8.4 pKd 28
pKd 8.3 – 8.4 [28]
[125I]astressin Peptide Click here for species-specific activity table Ligand is labelled Ligand is radioactive Hs Antagonist 9.6 – 9.7 pKi 8,12
pKi 9.6 – 9.7 [8,12]
K41498 Peptide Hs Antagonist 9.2 pKi 20
pKi 9.2 (Ki 6.3x10-10 M) [20]
K31440 Peptide Hs Antagonist 8.7 – 8.8 pKi 31
pKi 8.7 – 8.8 (Ki 1.99x10-9 – 1.58x10-9 M) [31]
astressin Peptide Click here for species-specific activity table Hs Antagonist 9.2 pIC50 30
pIC50 9.2 (IC50 6.2x10-10 M) [30]
astressin 2B Peptide Primary target of this compound Click here for species-specific activity table Hs Antagonist 8.9 pIC50 30
pIC50 8.9 (IC50 1.3x10-9 M) [30]
View species-specific antagonist tables
Immuno Process Associations
Immuno Process:  Cytokine production & signalling
Primary Transduction Mechanisms Click here for help
Transducer Effector/Response
Gs family Adenylyl cyclase stimulation
References:  7,18-19,21,23,25,27,32,35
Secondary Transduction Mechanisms Click here for help
Transducer Effector/Response
Gq/G11 family Phospholipase C stimulation
Comments:  So far only conclusively shown for recombinant expression systems
References:  8
Tissue Distribution Click here for help
Discrete expression of CRF2 mRNA in limbic structures that are involved in stress responses. In ther periphery widespread expression, especially in heart, skeletal muscle and lung
Species:  Rat
Technique:  immunocytochemistry.
References:  5,24
Expression Datasets Click here for help

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Log average relative transcript abundance in mouse tissues measured by qPCR from Regard, J.B., Sato, I.T., and Coughlin, S.R. (2008). Anatomical profiling of G protein-coupled receptor expression. Cell, 135(3): 561-71. [PMID:18984166] [Raw data: website]

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Functional Assays Click here for help
VIP2.OZc cells stably transfected with human CRF2 cDNA.
Species:  Human
Tissue:  VIP2.OZc
Response measured:  increase of cAMP-stimulated beta galactosidase expression
References:  23
HEK 293 and SK-N-MC cells stably transfected with CRF2.
Species:  Human
Tissue:  HEK 293, SK-N-MC cells.
Response measured:  Increase of intracellular cAMP.
References:  8,12
Physiological Functions Click here for help
Anxiety-like behaviors and stress responses mediated by CRF1 receptor activation in the central nervous system have been shown to be decreased when brain CRF2 receptors are also activated by agonists. Other studies suggest the brain CRF2 receptor activation may lead to a delayed anxiolytic effect.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue:  Brain
References:  1,4,6,16,34
Potent inotropic and lusitropic effects and a reduction of systemic arterial pressure are produced when cardiac CRF2 receptors are activated by a urocortin 2 infusion. Urocortin 2 injected into mice with heart failure results in CRF2 receptor-mediated inotropic and lusitropic effects on left ventricular function and improved cardiac output.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue:  Heart
References:  3
CRF2 receptor mechanisms were found to be critical for tonic inhibition of adult neovascularization.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue:  Arteries
References:  2
Secretion of insulin and glucagon by islet cells was increased in rats by a urocortin 3 infusion via a CRF2 receptor mechanism.
Species:  Rat
Tissue:  Pancreas
References:  22
Physiological Consequences of Altering Gene Expression Click here for help
Increased anxiety-like behavior in CRF2-deficient animals. Animals are hypersensitive to stress.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue: 
Technique:  Transgenesis.
References:  1,6
Reduced shock-induced freezing behavior in rats observed after septal infusion of an antisense oligonucleotide. Control animals showed normal anxiety-like behavior.
Species:  Rat
Tissue: 
Technique:  Antisense oligonucleotide.
References:  17
Phenotypes, Alleles and Disease Models Click here for help Mouse data from MGI

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Allele Composition & genetic background Accession Phenotype Id Phenotype Reference
Crhr2tm1Klee Crhr2tm1Klee/Crhr2tm1Klee
involves: 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6
MGI:894312  MP:0005666 abnormal adipose tissue physiology PMID: 12746321 
Crhr1tm1Klee|Crhr2tm1Klee Crhr1tm1Klee/Crhr1tm1Klee,Crhr2tm1Klee/Crhr2tm1Klee
involves: 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6
MGI:88498  MGI:894312  MP:0001362 abnormal anxiety-related response PMID: 11756502 
Crhr2tm1Klee Crhr2tm1Klee/Crhr2tm1Klee
involves: 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6
MGI:894312  MP:0001614 abnormal blood vessel morphology PMID: 12032352 
Crhr2tm1Klee Crhr2tm1Klee/Crhr2tm1Klee
involves: 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6
MGI:894312  MP:0002971 abnormal brown adipose tissue morphology PMID: 12746321 
Crhr2tm1Mpsp Crhr2tm1Mpsp/Crhr2tm1Mpsp
involves: 129X1/SvJ * C57BL/6J
MGI:894312  MP:0001431 abnormal eating behavior PMID: 10742107  11337086 
Crhr2tm1Klee Crhr2tm1Klee/Crhr2tm1Klee
involves: 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6
MGI:894312  MP:0005449 abnormal food intake PMID: 10742108  12746321 
Crhr2tm1Klee Crhr2tm1Klee/Crhr2tm1Klee
involves: 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6
MGI:894312  MP:0002078 abnormal glucose homeostasis PMID: 12746321 
Crhr2tm1Klee Crhr2tm1Klee/Crhr2tm1Klee
involves: 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6
MGI:894312  MP:0003953 abnormal hormone level PMID: 10742108 
Crhr1tm1Klee|Crhr2tm1Klee Crhr1tm1Klee/Crhr1tm1Klee,Crhr2tm1Klee/Crhr2tm1Klee
involves: 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6
MGI:88498  MGI:894312  MP:0003953 abnormal hormone level PMID: 11756502 
Crhr2tm1Mpsp Crhr2tm1Mpsp/Crhr2tm1Mpsp
involves: 129X1/SvJ * C57BL/6J
MGI:894312  MP:0003953 abnormal hormone level PMID: 10742107 
Crhr2tm1Mpsp Crhr2tm1Mpsp/Crhr2tm1Mpsp
involves: 129X1/SvJ * C57BL/6J
MGI:894312  MP:0004215 abnormal myocardial fiber physiology PMID: 10742107 
Crhr2tm1Mpsp Crhr2tm1Mpsp/Crhr2tm1Mpsp
involves: 129X1/SvJ
MGI:894312  MP:0001360 abnormal social investigation PMID: 20610744 
Crhr2tm1Klee Crhr2tm1Klee/Crhr2tm1Klee
involves: 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6
MGI:894312  MP:0000230 abnormal systemic arterial blood pressure PMID: 10742108 
Crhr2tm1Jsp Crhr2tm1Jsp/Crhr2tm1Jsp
involves: 129S1/Sv * 129X1/SvJ * C57BL/6J
MGI:894312  MP:0001619 abnormal vascular permeability PMID: 10742109 
Crhr2tm1Klee Crhr2tm1Klee/Crhr2tm1Klee
involves: 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6
MGI:894312  MP:0002970 abnormal white adipose tissue morphology PMID: 12746321 
Crhr1tm1Klee|Crhr2tm1Klee Crhr1tm1Klee/Crhr1tm1Klee,Crhr2tm1Klee/Crhr2tm1Klee
involves: 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6
MGI:88498  MGI:894312  MP:0008294 abnormal zona fasciculata morphology PMID: 11756502 
Crhr1tm1Klee|Crhr2tm1Klee Crhr1tm1Klee/Crhr1tm1Klee,Crhr2tm1Klee/Crhr2tm1Klee
involves: 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6
MGI:88498  MGI:894312  MP:0000640 adrenal gland hypoplasia PMID: 11756502 
Crhr2tm1Klee Crhr2tm1Klee/Crhr2tm1Klee
involves: 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6
MGI:894312  MP:0002573 behavioral despair PMID: 12832554 
Crhr2tm1Klee Crhr2tm1Klee/Crhr2tm1Klee
involves: 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6
MGI:894312  MP:0005179 decreased circulating cholesterol level PMID: 12746321 
Crhr2tm1Klee Crhr2tm1Klee/Crhr2tm1Klee
involves: 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6
MGI:894312  MP:0002702 decreased circulating free fatty acid level PMID: 12746321 
Crhr2tm1Klee Crhr2tm1Klee/Crhr2tm1Klee
involves: 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6
MGI:894312  MP:0002644 decreased circulating triglyceride level PMID: 12746321 
Crhr2tm1Mpsp Crhr2tm1Mpsp/Crhr2tm1Mpsp
involves: 129X1/SvJ * C57BL/6J
MGI:894312  MP:0001442 decreased grooming behavior PMID: 10742107 
Crhr2tm1Klee Crhr2tm1Klee/Crhr2tm1Klee
involves: 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6
MGI:894312  MP:0010025 decreased total body fat amount PMID: 12746321 
Crhr2tm1Klee Crhr2tm1Klee/Crhr2tm1Klee
involves: 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6
MGI:894312  MP:0002757 decreased vertical activity PMID: 12746321 
Crhr2tm1Klee Crhr2tm1Klee/Crhr2tm1Klee
involves: 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6
MGI:894312  MP:0000231 hypertension PMID: 12032352 
Crhr2tm1Klee Crhr2tm1Klee/Crhr2tm1Klee
involves: 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6
MGI:894312  MP:0005601 increased angiogenesis PMID: 12032352 
Crhr2tm1Klee Crhr2tm1Klee/Crhr2tm1Klee
involves: 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6
MGI:894312  MP:0001363 increased anxiety-related response PMID: 10742108 
Crhr2tm1Jsp Crhr2tm1Jsp/Crhr2tm1Jsp
involves: 129S1/Sv * 129X1/SvJ * C57BL/6J
MGI:894312  MP:0001363 increased anxiety-related response PMID: 10742109 
Crhr2+|Crhr2tm1Jsp Crhr2tm1Jsp/Crhr2+
involves: 129S1/Sv * 129X1/SvJ * C57BL/6J
MGI:894312  MP:0001363 increased anxiety-related response PMID: 10742109 
Crhr2tm1Klee Crhr2tm1Klee/Crhr2tm1Klee
involves: 129S4/SvJae * C57BL/6
MGI:894312  MP:0002891 increased insulin sensitivity PMID: 12746321 
Crhr2tm1Mpsp Crhr2tm1Mpsp/Crhr2tm1Mpsp
involves: 129X1/SvJ * C57BL/6J
MGI:894312  MP:0002842 increased systemic arterial blood pressure PMID: 10742107 
Biologically Significant Variants Click here for help
Type:  Splice variants
Species:  Human
Description:  Three biologically important variants, CRF2(a-c) have been reported in humans. Splicing seems to affect tissue distribution but has no effect on the pharmacological and biological properties of the CRF2 receptor. The CRF2(a) variant is the predominant peripheral and central receptor.
References:  10,19,23,35
Type:  Splice variants
Species:  Rat
Description:  Two biologically important variants, CRF2(a-b) have been reported in rodents and primates. Splicing seems to affect tissue distribution but has no effect on the pharmacological and biological properties of the CRF2 receptor.
References:  25
General Comments
There is a wider distribution of CRF2 mRNA in the brain of rhesus monkey and tree shrew than in rodents. Overlapping expression with the CRF1 receptor found in the neocortex and pituitary.
Technique: Immunocytochemistry
References: [27,33]

The widespread expression of CRF2 in humans and primates so far has hampered a clear cut view on the physiological role of this receptor. Furthermore, pharmacological studies using specific peptide antagonists and transgenic studies have revealed discrepant data. To date it is not certain whether activation or blockade of the receptor might have a positive or negative impact on affective spectrum disorders.[9,11,15,34]

References

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1. Bale TL, Contarino A, Smith GW, Chan R, Gold LH, Sawchenko PE, Koob GF, Vale WW, Lee KF. (2000) Mice deficient for corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor-2 display anxiety-like behaviour and are hypersensitive to stress. Nat Genet, 24 (4): 410-4. [PMID:10742108]

2. Bale TL, Giordano FJ, Hickey RP, Huang Y, Nath AK, Peterson KL, Vale WW, Lee KF. (2002) Corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 2 is a tonic suppressor of vascularization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 99 (11): 7734-9. [PMID:12032352]

3. Bale TL, Hoshijima M, Gu Y, Dalton N, Anderson KR, Lee KF, Rivier J, Chien KR, Vale WW, Peterson KL. (2004) The cardiovascular physiologic actions of urocortin II: acute effects in murine heart failure. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 101 (10): 3697-702. [PMID:14990799]

4. Bale TL, Vale WW. (2004) CRF and CRF receptors: role in stress responsivity and other behaviors. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol, 44: 525-57. [PMID:14744257]

5. Chalmers DT, Lovenberg TW, De Souza EB. (1995) Localization of novel corticotropin-releasing factor receptor (CRF2) mRNA expression to specific subcortical nuclei in rat brain: comparison with CRF1 receptor mRNA expression. J Neurosci, 15 (10): 6340-50. [PMID:7472399]

6. Coste SC, Kesterson RA, Heldwein KA, Stevens SL, Heard AD, Hollis JH, Murray SE, Hill JK, Pantely GA, Hohimer AR et al.. (2000) Abnormal adaptations to stress and impaired cardiovascular function in mice lacking corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor-2. Nat Genet, 24 (4): 403-9. [PMID:10742107]

7. Dautzenberg FM, Dietrich K, Palchaudhuri MR, Spiess J. (1997) Identification of two corticotropin-releasing factor receptors from Xenopus laevis with high ligand selectivity: unusual pharmacology of the type 1 receptor. J Neurochem, 69 (4): 1640-9. [PMID:9326293]

8. Dautzenberg FM, Gutknecht E, Van der Linden I, Olivares-Reyes JA, Dürrenberger F, Hauger RL. (2004) Cell type specific calcium signaling by corticotropin-releasing factor type 1 (CRF1) and 2a (CRF2(a)) receptors: Gq coupling in human embryonic kidney 293 but not SK-N-MC neuroblastoma cells. Biochem Pharmacol, 68: 1833-1844. [PMID:15450949]

9. Dautzenberg FM, Hauger RL. (2002) The CRF peptide family and their receptors: yet more partners discovered. Trends Pharmacol Sci, 23: 71-77. [PMID:11830263]

10. Dautzenberg FM, Huber G, Higelin J, Py-Lang G, Kilpatrick GJ. (2000) Evidence for the abundant expression of arginine 185 containing human CRF(2alpha) receptors and the role of position 185 for receptor-ligand selectivity. Neuropharmacology, 39 (8): 1368-76. [PMID:10818253]

11. Dautzenberg FM, Kilpatrick GJ, Hauger RL, Moreau J. (2001) Molecular biology of the CRH receptors-- in the mood. Peptides, 22 (5): 753-60. [PMID:11337088]

12. Dautzenberg FM, Py-Lang G, Higelin J, Fischer C, Wright MB, Huber G. (2001) Different binding modes of amphibian and human corticotropin-releasing factor type 1 and type 2 receptors: evidence for evolutionary differences. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 296 (1): 113-20. [PMID:11123370]

13. Dautzenberg FM, Wille S. (2004) Binding differences of human and amphibian corticotropin-releasing factor type 1 (CRF(1)) receptors: identification of amino acids mediating high-affinity astressin binding and functional antagonism. Regul Pept, 118 (3): 165-73. [PMID:15003833]

14. Donaldson CJ, Sutton SW, Perrin MH, Corrigan AZ, Lewis KA, Rivier JE, Vaughan JM, Vale WW. (1996) Cloning and characterization of human urocortin. Endocrinology, 137 (5): 2167-70. [PMID:8612563]

15. Hauger RL, Grigoriadis DE, Dallman MF, Plotsky PM, Vale WW, Dautzenberg FM. (2003) International Union of Pharmacology. XXXVI. Current status of the nomenclature for receptors for corticotropin-releasing factor and their ligands. Pharmacol Rev, 55 (1): 21-6. [PMID:12615952]

16. Heinrichs SC, Koob GF. (2004) Corticotropin-releasing factor in brain: a role in activation, arousal, and affect regulation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 311 (2): 427-40. [PMID:15297468]

17. Ho SP, Takahashi LK, Livanov V, Spencer K, Lesher T, Maciag C, Smith MA, Rohrbach KW, Hartig PR, Arneric SP. (2001) Attenuation of fear conditioning by antisense inhibition of brain corticotropin releasing factor-2 receptor. Brain Res Mol Brain Res, 89 (1-2): 29-40. [PMID:11311973]

18. Kishimoto T, Pearse 2nd RV, Lin CR, Rosenfeld MG. (1995) A sauvagine/corticotropin-releasing factor receptor expressed in heart and skeletal muscle. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 92 (4): 1108-12. [PMID:7755719]

19. Kostich WA, Chen A, Sperle K, Largent BL. (1998) Molecular identification and analysis of a novel human corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptor: the CRF2gamma receptor. Mol Endocrinol, 12 (8): 1077-85. [PMID:9717834]

20. Lawrence AJ, Krstew EV, Dautzenberg FM, Rühmann A. (2002) The highly selective CRF(2) receptor antagonist K41498 binds to presynaptic CRF(2) receptors in rat brain. Br J Pharmacol, 136 (6): 896-904. [PMID:12110614]

21. Lewis K, Li C, Perrin MH, Blount A, Kunitake K, Donaldson C, Vaughan J, Reyes TM, Gulyas J, Fischer W et al.. (2001) Identification of urocortin III, an additional member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family with high affinity for the CRF2 receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 98 (13): 7570-5. [PMID:11416224]

22. Li C, Chen P, Vaughan J, Blount A, Chen A, Jamieson PM, Rivier J, Smith MS, Vale W. (2003) Urocortin III is expressed in pancreatic beta-cells and stimulates insulin and glucagon secretion. Endocrinology, 144 (7): 3216-24. [PMID:12810578]

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24. Lovenberg TW, Chalmers DT, Liu C, De Souza EB. (1995) CRF2 alpha and CRF2 beta receptor mRNAs are differentially distributed between the rat central nervous system and peripheral tissues. Endocrinology, 136: 4139-4142. [PMID:7544278]

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