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Gene and Protein Information | ||||||
class A G protein-coupled receptor | ||||||
Species | TM | AA | Chromosomal Location | Gene Symbol | Gene Name | Reference |
Human | 7 | 332 | 18q21.32 | MC4R | melanocortin 4 receptor | 14,28 |
Mouse | 7 | 332 | 18 E1 | Mc4r | melanocortin 4 receptor | |
Rat | 7 | 332 | 18q12.1 | Mc4r | melanocortin 4 receptor |
Database Links | |
Specialist databases | |
GPCRdb | mc4r_human (Hs), mc4r_mouse (Mm), mc4r_rat (Rn) |
Other databases | |
Alphafold | P32245 (Hs), P56450 (Mm), P70596 (Rn) |
ChEMBL Target | CHEMBL259 (Hs), CHEMBL3719 (Mm), CHEMBL2700 (Rn) |
Ensembl Gene | ENSG00000166603 (Hs), ENSMUSG00000047259 (Mm), ENSRNOG00000018692 (Rn) |
Entrez Gene | 4160 (Hs), 17202 (Mm), 25635 (Rn) |
Human Protein Atlas | ENSG00000166603 (Hs) |
KEGG Gene | hsa:4160 (Hs), mmu:17202 (Mm), rno:25635 (Rn) |
OMIM | 155541 (Hs) |
Orphanet | ORPHA168091 (Hs) |
Pharos | P32245 (Hs) |
RefSeq Nucleotide | NM_005912 (Hs), NM_016977 (Mm), NM_013099 (Rn) |
RefSeq Protein | NP_005903 (Hs), NP_058673 (Mm), NP_037231 (Rn) |
UniProtKB | P32245 (Hs), P56450 (Mm), P70596 (Rn) |
Wikipedia | MC4R (Hs) |
Selected 3D Structures | |||||||||||||
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Associated Proteins | ||||||||||||
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Natural/Endogenous Ligands |
ACTH {Sp: Human} , ACTH {Sp: Mouse, Rat} |
agouti {Sp: Mouse} |
agouti-related protein {Sp: Human} |
β-MSH {Sp: Human} |
α-MSH {Sp: Human, Mouse, Rat} |
γ-MSH {Sp: Human, Mouse, Rat} |
β-MSH {Sp: Mouse} , β-MSH {Sp: Rat} |
Comments: β-MSH is the principal endogenous agonist. Endogenous antagonists are agouti and agouti-related protein. For representations of the rodent orthologues of these peptides see agouti (mouse), agouti (rat) and agouti-related protein (mouse). |
Potency order of endogenous agonists (Human) |
β-MSH (POMC, P01189) > α-MSH (POMC, P01189), ACTH (POMC, P01189) > γ-MSH (POMC, P01189) |
Download all structure-activity data for this target as a CSV file
Agonists | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Key to terms and symbols | View all chemical structures | Click column headers to sort | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The relative potency of melanocortin peptides at the MC4 is β-MSH>α-MSH=ACTH>γ-MSH [26]. Radioligands commonly used to study the MC4 are [125I]NDP-MSH, [125I]MT-II, [125I]SHU9119, [125I]AGRP(83-132). RO27-3225 is a selective MC1R and MC4R agonist [4]. cAMP but no binding data were reported. [125I]NDP-MSH, [125I]MT-II, [125I]SHU9119, [125I]Nle7-α-MSH are common radioligands used to study MC1, 3, 4 and MC 5. MK-0493 has been reported to be a potent and selective agonist for this receptor [23]. Setmelanotide, an MC4 agonist with 20-fold less activity at MC1 and MC3 receptors, has been approved by FDA for chronic weight management in adult and pediatric patients 6 years of age and older with obesity due to proopiomelanocortin (POMC), proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 1 (PCSK1), or leptin receptor (LEPR) deficiency [8]. Bremelanotide, an acid analog of MT-II and a non-selective MC agonist, has been approved by FDA for the treatment of premenopausal women with acquired, generalized hypoactive sexual desire disorder [20]. |
Antagonists | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Key to terms and symbols | View all chemical structures | Click column headers to sort | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The pIC50 of full-length recombinant AGRP expressed in bacteria has been reported to be 7.06 [31]. |
Primary Transduction Mechanisms | |
Transducer | Effector/Response |
Gs family | Adenylyl cyclase stimulation |
References: 14,28 |
Secondary Transduction Mechanisms | |
Transducer | Effector/Response |
G protein (identity unknown) | Other - See Comments |
Comments:
Melanocortin activation of the MC4 mobilizes intracellular calcium via an incompletely understood pathway. Non-G protein dependent transduction: Effector/response inwardly rectifying potassium channel, Kir7.1 |
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References: 15,27 |
Tissue Distribution | ||||||||
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Expression Datasets | |
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Functional Assays | ||||||||||
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Physiological Functions | ||||||||
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Physiological Consequences of Altering Gene Expression | ||||||||||
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Phenotypes, Alleles and Disease Models | Mouse data from MGI | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Clinically-Relevant Mutations and Pathophysiology | ||||||||||||||||||
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2. Al-Obeidi F, Hruby VJ, Castrucci AM, Hadley ME. (1989) Design of potent linear α-melanotropin 4-10 analogues modified in positions 5 and 10. J Med Chem, 32: 174-179. [PMID:2535874]
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6. Chaki S, Hirota S, Funakoshi T, Suzuki Y, Suetake S, Okubo T, Ishii T, Nakazato A, Okuyama S. (2003) Anxiolytic-like and antidepressant-like activities of MCL0129 (1-[(S)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-isopropylpiperadin-1-yl)ethyl]-4-[4-(2-methoxynaphthalen-1-yl)butyl]piperazine), a novel and potent nonpeptide antagonist of the melanocortin-4 receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 304 (2): 818-26. [PMID:12538838]
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17. Huszar D, Lynch CA, Fairchild-Huntress V, Dunmore JH, Fang Q, Berkemeier LR, Gu W, Kesterson RA, Boston BA, Cone RD et al.. (1997) Targeted disruption of the melanocortin-4 receptor results in obesity in mice. Cell, 88 (1): 131-41. [PMID:9019399]
18. Kask A, Mutulis F, Muceniece R, Pähkla R, Mutule I, Wikberg JE, Rägo L, Schiöth HB. (1998) Discovery of a novel superpotent and selective melanocortin-4 receptor antagonist (HS024): evaluation in vitro and in vivo. Endocrinology, 139 (12): 5006-14. [PMID:9832440]
19. Kiefer LL, Veal JM, Mountjoy KG, Wilkison WO. (1998) Melanocortin receptor binding determinants in the agouti protein. Biochemistry, 37 (4): 991-7. [PMID:9454589]
20. Kingsberg SA, Clayton AH, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Simon JA. (2019) Bremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Two Randomized Phase 3 Trials. Obstet Gynecol, 134 (5): 899-908. [PMID:31599840]
21. Kishi T, Aschkenasi CJ, Lee CE, Mountjoy KG, Saper CB, Elmquist JK. (2003) Expression of melanocortin 4 receptor mRNA in the central nervous system of the rat. J Comp Neurol, 457 (3): 213-35. [PMID:12541307]
22. Kopanchuk S, Veiksina S, Petrovska R, Mutule I, Szardenings M, Rinken A, Wikberg JE. (2005) Co-operative regulation of ligand binding to melanocortin receptor subtypes: evidence for interacting binding sites. Eur J Pharmacol, 512 (2-3): 85-95. [PMID:15840392]
23. Krishna R, Gumbiner B, Stevens C, Musser B, Mallick M, Suryawanshi S, Maganti L, Zhu H, Han TH, Scherer L et al.. (2009) Potent and selective agonism of the melanocortin receptor 4 with MK-0493 does not induce weight loss in obese human subjects: energy intake predicts lack of weight loss efficacy. Clin Pharmacol Ther, 86 (6): 659-66. [PMID:19741604]
24. Kumar KG, Sutton GM, Dong JZ, Roubert P, Plas P, Halem HA, Culler MD, Yang H, Dixit VD, Butler AA. (2009) Analysis of the therapeutic functions of novel melanocortin receptor agonists in MC3R- and MC4R-deficient C57BL/6J mice. Peptides, 30 (10): 1892-900. [PMID:19646498]
25. Liang J, Li L, Jin X, Xu B, Pi L, Liu S, Zhu W, Zhang C, Luan B, Gong L et al.. (2018) Pharmacological effect of human melanocortin-2 receptor accessory protein 2 variants on hypothalamic melanocortin receptors. Endocrine, 61 (1): 94-104. [PMID:29704154]
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45. Yu J, Gimenez LE, Hernandez CC, Wu Y, Wein AH, Han GW, McClary K, Mittal SR, Burdsall K, Stauch B et al.. (2020) Determination of the melanocortin-4 receptor structure identifies Ca2+ as a cofactor for ligand binding. Science, 368 (6489): 428-433. [PMID:32327598]