The formylpeptide receptors (nomenclature agreed by the NC-IUPHAR Subcommittee on the formylpeptide receptor family [26]) respond to exogenous ligands such as the bacterial product fMet-Leu-Phe (fMLP) and endogenous ligands such as annexin I (ANXA1, P04083) , cathepsin G (CTSG, P08311), amyloid β42, serum amyloid A and spinorphin, derived from .

Note that the data for FPR2/ALX are also reproduced on the leukotriene receptor page.

* Key recommended reading is highlighted with an asterisk

Cattaneo F, Guerra G, Ammendola R. (2010) Expression and signaling of formyl-peptide receptors in the brain. Neurochem. Res., 35 (12): 2018-26. [PMID:21042851]

* Dorward DA, Lucas CD, Chapman GB, Haslett C, Dhaliwal K, Rossi AG. (2015) The Role of Formylated Peptides and Formyl Peptide Receptor 1 in Governing Neutrophil Function during Acute Inflammation. Am. J. Pathol., 185 (5): 1172-1184. [PMID:25791526]

* Dufton N, Perretti M. (2010) Therapeutic anti-inflammatory potential of formyl-peptide receptor agonists. Pharmacol. Ther., 127 (2): 175-88. [PMID:20546777]

Gavins FN. (2010) Are formyl peptide receptors novel targets for therapeutic intervention in ischaemia-reperfusion injury?. Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 31 (6): 266-76. [PMID:20483490]

Liberles SD, Horowitz LF, Kuang D, Contos JJ, Wilson KL, Siltberg-Liberles J, Liberles DA, Buck LB. (2009) Formyl peptide receptors are candidate chemosensory receptors in the vomeronasal organ. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 106 (24): 9842-7. [PMID:19497865]

* Liu M, Zhao J, Chen K, Bian X, Wang C, Shi Y, Wang JM. (2012) G protein-coupled receptor FPR1 as a pharmacologic target in inflammation and human glioblastoma. Int. Immunopharmacol., 14 (3): 283-8. [PMID:22863814]

* Rabiet MJ, Macari L, Dahlgren C, Boulay F. (2011) N-formyl peptide receptor 3 (FPR3) departs from the homologous FPR2/ALX receptor with regard to the major processes governing chemoattractant receptor regulation, expression at the cell surface, and phosphorylation. J. Biol. Chem., 286 (30): 26718-31. [PMID:21543323]

* Yazid S, Norling LV, Flower RJ. (2012) Anti-inflammatory drugs, eicosanoids and the annexin A1/FPR2 anti-inflammatory system. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat., 98 (3-4): 94-100. [PMID:22123264]

* Ye RD, Boulay F, Wang JM, Dahlgren C, Gerard C, Parmentier M, Serhan CN, Murphy PM. (2009) International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXIII. Nomenclature for the formyl peptide receptor (FPR) family. Pharmacol. Rev., 61 (2): 119-61. [PMID:19498085]

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8. Gronert K, Martinsson-Niskanen T, Ravasi S, Chiang N, Serhan CN. (2001) Selectivity of recombinant human leukotriene D₄, leukotriene B₄, and lipoxin A₄ receptors with aspirin-triggered 15-epi-LXA₄ and regulation of vascular and inflammatory responses. Am. J. Pathol., 158: 3-9. [PMID:11141472]

9. Guilford WJ, Bauman JG, Skuballa W, Bauer S, Wei GP, Davey D, Schaefer C, Mallari C, Terkelsen J, Tseng JL et al.. (2004) Novel 3-oxa lipoxin A4 analogues with enhanced chemical and metabolic stability have anti-inflammatory activity in vivo. J. Med. Chem., 47 (8): 2157-65. [PMID:15056011]

10. He HQ, Liao D, Wang ZG, Wang ZL, Zhou HC, Wang MW, Ye RD. (2013) Functional characterization of three mouse formyl peptide receptors. Mol. Pharmacol., 83 (2): 389-98. [PMID:23160941]

11. Koo C, Lefkowitz RJ, Snyderman R. (1982) The oligopeptide chemotactic factor receptor on human polymorphonuclear leukocyte membranes exists in two affinity states. Biochem Biophys Res Commun., 106: 442-449. [PMID:6285921]

12. Krishnamoorthy S, Recchiuti A, Chiang N, Fredman G, Serhan CN. (2012) Resolvin D1 receptor stereoselectivity and regulation of inflammation and proresolving microRNAs. Am. J. Pathol., 180 (5): 2018-27. [PMID:22449948]

13. Krishnamoorthy S, Recchiuti A, Chiang N, Yacoubian S, Lee CH, Yang R, Petasis NA, Serhan CN. (2010) Resolvin D1 binds human phagocytes with evidence for proresolving receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 107 (4): 1660-5. [PMID:20080636]

14. Le Y, Murphy PM, Wang JM. (2002) Formyl-peptide receptors revisited. Trends Immunol., 23 (11): 541-8. [PMID:12401407]

15. Liang TS, Gao JL, Fatemi O, Lavigne M, Leto TL, Murphy PM. (2001) The endogenous opioid spinorphin blocks fMet-Leu-Phe-induced neutrophil chemotaxis by acting as a specific antagonist at the N-formylpeptide receptor subtype FPR. J Immunol, 167: 6609-6614. [PMID:11714831]

16. Maddox JF, Hachicha M, Takano T, Petasis NA, Fokin VV, Serhan CN. (1997) Lipoxin A4 stable analogs are potent mimetics that stimulate human monocytes and THP-1 cells via a G-protein-linked lipoxin A4 receptor. J. Biol. Chem., 272 (11): 6972-8. [PMID:9054386]

17. Migeotte I, Riboldi E, Franssen JD, Grégoire F, Loison C, Wittamer V, Detheux M, Robberecht P, Costagliola S, Vassart G, Sozzani S, Parmentier M, Communi D. (2005) Identification and characterization of an endogenous chemotactic ligand specific for FPRL2. J Exp Med, 201: 83-93. [PMID:15623572]

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19. Showell HJ, Freer RJ, Zigmond SH, Schiffmann E, Aswanikumar S, Corcoran B, Becker EL. (1976) The structure-activity relations of synthetic peptides as chemotactic factors and inducers of lysosomal secretion for neutrophils. J Exp Med., 143: 1154-1169. [PMID:1262785]

20. Stenfeldt AL, Karlsson J, Wenneras C, Bylund J, Fu H, Dahlgren C. (2007) Cyclosporin H, Boc-MLF and Boc-FLFLF are antagonists that preferentially inhibit activity triggered through the formyl peptide receptor. Inflammation, 30: 224-229. [PMID:17687636]

21. Sun R, Iribarren P, Zhang N, Zhou Y, Gong W, Cho EH, Lockett S, Chertov O, Bednar F, Rogers TJ, Oppenheim JJ, Wang JM. (2004) Identification of neutrophil granule protein cathepsin G as a novel chemotactic agonist for the G protein-coupled formyl peptide receptor. J. Immunology, 173: 428-436. [PMID:15210802]

22. Takano T, Fiore S, Maddox JF, Brady HR, Petasis NA, Serhan CN. (1997) Aspirin-triggered 15-epi-lipoxin A₄ (LXA₄) and LXA₄ stable analogues are potent inhibitors of acute inflammation: evidence for anti-inflammatory receptors. J. Exp. Med., 185: 1693-1704. [PMID:9151906]

23. Walther A, Riehemann K, Gerke V. (2000) A novel ligand of the formyl peptide receptor: annexin I regulates neutrophil extravasation by interacting with the FPR. Mol Cell., 5: 831-840. [PMID:10882119]

24. Wenzel-Seifert K, Seifert R. (1993) Cyclosporin H is a potent and selective formyl peptide receptor antagonist. Comparison with N-t-butoxycarbonyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanyl-L- leucyl-L-phenylalanine and cyclosporins A, B, C, D, and E. J. Immunol., 150 (10): 4591-9. [PMID:8387097]

25. Yan P, Nanamori M, Sun M, Zhou C, Cheng N, Li N, Zheng W, Xiao L, Xie X, Ye RD, Wang MW. (2006) The immunosuppressant cyclosporin A antagonizes human formyl peptide receptor through inhibition of cognate ligand binding. J Immunology, 177: 7050-7058. [PMID:17082621]

26. Ye RD, Boulay F, Wang JM, Dahlgren C, Gerard C, Parmentier M, Serhan CN, Murphy PM. (2009) International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXIII. Nomenclature for the formyl peptide receptor (FPR) family. Pharmacol. Rev., 61 (2): 119-61. [PMID:19498085]

Subcommittee members: Richard D. Ye (Chairperson) Department of Pharmacology College of Medicine University of Illinois Chicago Illinois U.S.A. François Boulay Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Biophysique des Systèmses Intégrés Grenoble France Claes Dahlgren Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research University of Göteborg Göteborg Sweden Craig Gerard Department of Pediatrics Harvard Medical School and Children's Hospital Boston Massachusetts U.S.A Philip M. Murphy Head, Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, and Chief, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases National Institutes of Health 9000 Rockville Pike MSC-1888 Bldg. 10, Room 11N113 Bethesda MD 20892 USA Marc Parmentier Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM) Université Libre de Bruxelles Brussels Belgium Mark Quinn Department of Microbiology and Immunology Montana State University Bozeman, MT 59717 U.S.A. Charles N. Serhan Center for Experimental Theraputics and Reperfusion Injury Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston MA 02115 USA Ji Ming Wang Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation Cancer and Inflammation Program Center for Cancer Research National Cancer Institute at Frederick Frederick Maryland USA