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Unless otherwise stated all data on this page refer to the human proteins. Gene information is provided for human (Hs), mouse (Mm) and rat (Rn).
Adenylyl cyclase, E.C. 4.6.1.1, converts ATP to cyclic AMP and pyrophosphate. Mammalian membrane-delimited adenylyl cyclases (nomenclature as approved by the NC-IUPHAR Subcommittee on Adenylyl cyclases [10]) are typically made up of two clusters of six TM domains separating two intracellular, overlapping catalytic domains that are the target for the nonselective activators Gαs (the stimulatory G protein α subunit) and forskolin (except AC9, [27]). Adenosine and its derivatives (e.g. 2',5'-dideoxyadenosine), acting through the P-site,are inhibitors of adenylyl cyclase activity [34]. Four families of membranous adenylyl cyclase are distinguishable: calmodulin (CALM2, CALM3, CALM1, P62158)-stimulated (AC1, AC3 and AC8), Ca2+- and Gβγ-inhibitable (AC5, AC6 and AC9), Gβγ-stimulated and Ca2+-insensitive (AC2, AC4 and AC7), and forskolin-insensitive (AC9) forms. A soluble adenylyl cyclase (AC10) lacks membrane spanning regions and is insensitive to G proteins.It functions as a cytoplasmic bicarbonate (pH-insensitive) sensor [6].
AC1 (adenylyl cyclase 1) C Show summary » |
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AC2 (adenylyl cyclase 2) C Show summary » |
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AC3 (adenylyl cyclase 3) C Show summary »
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AC4 (adenylyl cyclase 4) C Show summary » |
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AC5 (adenylyl cyclase 5) C Show summary » |
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AC6 (adenylyl cyclase 6) C Show summary » |
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AC7 (adenylyl cyclase 7) C Show summary » |
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AC8 (adenylyl cyclase 8) C Show summary » |
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AC9 (adenylyl cyclase 9) C Show summary » |
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AC10 (adenylyl cyclase 10) C Show summary » |
Database page citation (select format):
Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY citation:
Alexander SPH, Fabbro D, Kelly E, Mathie AA, Peters JA, Veale EL, Armstrong JF, Faccenda E, Harding SD, Davies JA et al. (2023) The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2023/24: Enzymes. Br J Pharmacol. 180 Suppl 2:S289-373.
Many of the activators and inhibitors listed are only somewhat selective or have not been tested against all AC isoforms [2,9]. AC3 shows only modest in vitro activation by Ca2+/CaM.