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Target not currently curated in GtoImmuPdb
Target id: 90
Nomenclature: GPR19
Family: Class A Orphans
This receptor has a proposed ligand; see the Latest Pairings page for more information.
Gene and Protein Information  |
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| class A G protein-coupled receptor | ||||||
| Species | TM | AA | Chromosomal Location | Gene Symbol | Gene Name | Reference |
| Human | 7 | 415 | 12p13.1 | GPR19 | G protein-coupled receptor 19 | |
| Mouse | 7 | 415 | 6 G1 | Gpr19 | G protein-coupled receptor 19 | |
| Rat | 7 | 415 | 4q43 | Gpr19 | G protein-coupled receptor 19 | 4 |
| Previous and Unofficial Names |
| GPR-NGA |
| Database Links |
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| Specialist databases | |
| GPCRdb | gpr19_human (Hs), gpr19_mouse (Mm), gpr19_rat (Rn) |
| Other databases | |
| Alphafold | Q15760 (Hs), Q61121 (Mm), P70585 (Rn) |
| ChEMBL Target | CHEMBL4523870 (Hs) |
| Ensembl Gene | ENSG00000183150 (Hs), ENSMUSG00000032641 (Mm), ENSRNOG00000007126 (Rn) |
| Entrez Gene | 2842 (Hs), 14760 (Mm), 312787 (Rn) |
| Human Protein Atlas | ENSG00000183150 (Hs) |
| KEGG Gene | hsa:2842 (Hs), mmu:14760 (Mm), rno:312787 (Rn) |
| OMIM | 602927 (Hs) |
| Pharos | Q15760 (Hs) |
| RefSeq Nucleotide | NM_006143 (Hs), NM_008157 (Mm), NM_080579 (Rn) |
| RefSeq Protein | NP_006134 (Hs), NP_032183 (Mm), NP_542146 (Rn) |
| UniProtKB | Q15760 (Hs), Q61121 (Mm), P70585 (Rn) |
| Wikipedia | GPR19 (Hs) |
Download all structure-activity data for this target as a CSV file 
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| Tissue Distribution
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| Expression Datasets |
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| Physiological Functions Comments | |
| Embryonic GPR19 expression in mice implies a role for the receptor in nervous system development. Additional functions are suspected in the adult, which may differ between species [2]. Expression of GPR19 in hESCs may offer a possibility for in vitro intervention on proliferation or pluripotency [1]. |
| Phenotypes, Alleles and Disease Models
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Mouse data from MGI | ||||||||||||
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| Clinically-Relevant Mutations and Pathophysiology Comments |
| GPR19 is mapped at approximately 40kb from CDKN1B and although excluded from the region commonly deleted in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) it may be the target of genetic alterations in other cancers. Increased expression of GPR19, determined by microarray analysis, is seen in primary human metastatic melanoma samples [3,6]. |
| Biologically Significant Variants
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| General Comments |
| Rao et al. (2017) [5] report in vitro signalling studies with the lysates of cells overexpressing the Energy Homeostasis Associated gene (ENHO) that encodes the peptide hormone adropin. Adropin was found to inhibit forskolin-induced increases in cAMP and this effect was replicated by using synthetic adropin (EC50 = 8 nM). GPR19 signals via MAPK/ERK1/2 and the authors suggest that it may play a role in metastasis by promoting the mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) through the ERK/MAPK pathway, thus facilitating colonization of metastatic breast tumor cells. This study supports the observation of Stein et al. (2016) [9] in which the authors showed that reduction in GPR19 mRNA levels in medial basal hypothalamus of male rats resulted in the loss of the inhibitory effect of adropin on water deprivation-induced thirst. Interestingly, adropin-(34-76) was screened in a β-arrestin assay as part of a library of 10, 000 compounds against ~80 orphan receptors which included GPR19 but no activity was detected, suggesting the possibility that adropin is more effective in signalling via G-proteins [8]. Further characterization in pharmacological assays is required to establish adropin as the cognate ligand for GPR19. |
1. Assou S, Le Carrour T, Tondeur S, Ström S, Gabelle A, Marty S, Nadal L, Pantesco V, Réme T, Hugnot JP, Gasca S, Hovatta O, Hamamah S, Klein B, De Vos J. (2007) A meta-analysis of human embryonic stem cells transcriptome integrated into a web-based expression atlas. Stem Cells, 25 (4): 961-73. [PMID:17204602]
2. Hoffmeister-Ullerich SA, Süsens U, Schaller HC. (2004) The orphan G-protein-coupled receptor GPR19 is expressed predominantly in neuronal cells during mouse embryogenesis. Cell Tissue Res, 318 (2): 459-63. [PMID:15452705]
3. Montpetit A, Sinnett D. (1999) Physical mapping of the G-protein coupled receptor 19 (GPR19) in the chromosome 12p12.3 region frequently rearranged in cancer cells. Hum Genet, 105 (1-2): 162-4. [PMID:10480372]
4. O'Dowd BF, Nguyen T, Lynch KR, Kolakowski LF, Thompson M, Cheng R, Marchese A, Ng G, Heng HH, George SR. (1996) A novel gene codes for a putative G protein-coupled receptor with an abundant expression in brain. FEBS Lett, 394 (3): 325-9. [PMID:8830667]
5. Rao A, Herr DR. (2017) G protein-coupled receptor GPR19 regulates E-cadherin expression and invasion of breast cancer cells. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1864 (7): 1318-1327. [PMID:28476646]
6. Riker AI, Enkemann SA, Fodstad O, Liu S, Ren S, Morris C, Xi Y, Howell P, Metge B, Samant RS, Shevde LA, Li W, Eschrich S, Daud A, Ju J, Matta J. (2008) The gene expression profiles of primary and metastatic melanoma yields a transition point of tumor progression and metastasis. BMC Med Genomics, 1: 13. [PMID:18442402]
7. Rossi P, Dolci S, Sette C, Capolunghi F, Pellegrini M, Loiarro M, Di Agostino S, Paronetto MP, Grimaldi P, Merico D, Martegani E, Geremia R. (2004) Analysis of the gene expression profile of mouse male meiotic germ cells. Gene Expr Patterns, 4 (3): 267-81. [PMID:15053975]
8. Southern C, Cook JM, Neetoo-Isseljee Z, Taylor DL, Kettleborough CA, Merritt A, Bassoni DL, Raab WJ, Quinn E, Wehrman TS et al.. (2013) Screening β-Arrestin Recruitment for the Identification of Natural Ligands for Orphan G-Protein-Coupled Receptors. J Biomol Screen, 18 (5): 599-609. [PMID:23396314]
9. Stein LM, Yosten GL, Samson WK. (2016) Adropin acts in brain to inhibit water drinking: potential interaction with the orphan G protein-coupled receptor, GPR19. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 310 (6): R476-80. [PMID:26739651]
