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Multiple myeloma

GtoPdb Disease Summaries

This section gives an overview of the disease, and where available shows the following:

  • Synonyms: Shows known synonyms for the disease.
  • Description: Gives a basic description/definition of the disease.
  • Database Link: External links to the same disease at the Disease Ontology, OMIM or Orphanet sites.
  • Immunopharmacology comments: General comments about the target's role in immunopharmacology, provided by GtoImmuPdb curators.
  • Associated with: Counts are displayed for the total targets the disease is associated with in GtoPdb. The counts of targets and ligands of immunological relevance associated to the disease are also shown.

More information can be found in the help pages.

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Disease ID:1204
Name:Multiple myeloma
Associated with:1 target
4 immuno-relevant ligands
Synonyms
plasma cell myeloma
Description
A myeloma that is located in the plasma cells in bone marrow.
Database Links
Disease Ontology: DOID:9538
OMIM: 254500

Targets

GtoPdb Disease Summaries - Targets

Click on the target name to link to its detailed view page

Where available, information is display on the role of the target in the disease; drugs which target the disease and their therapeutic use and side-effects.

If there is mutation data curated in GtoPdb this is indicated, with a link back to the appropriate section on the target detailed view page

Immuno ligand interactions - If available, a table of immuno-relevant ligands is shown. These ligands have been curated as having an association to the disease and possess interaction data with the target in GtoPdb. The approval status of the ligand is shown, along with curator comments and an indication of whether the target is considered the primary target of the ligand.

More information can be found in the help pages.

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Key to terms and symbols
leukocyte immunoglobulin like receptor B1 (CD85j)
Role:  Loss of LILRB1 on malignant plasma cells contributes to immune escape in multiple myeloma.
References:  4

Ligands

GtoPdb Disease Summaries - Ligands

Click ligand name to view ligand summary page

  • Approved: If the ligand is an approved drug this is indicated, along with approval bodies.
  • Immuno: Immuno icon indicates the ligand is immuno-relevant

Click the arrow in the final column to expand comments

  • Immuno Disease Comments: Curatorial comments specifically added as part of GtoImmuPdb. They give more information on the association between the ligand and disease in the context of immunopharmacology.
  • Clinical Use: General clinical comments relating to the ligand and may not necessarily be specific to the disease in question. With hyperlink to more details on the ligand summary pages.
  • Bioactivty Comments: Curatorial comments specifically about the compounds biological activity - with hyperlink to more details on the ligand summary pages.

More information can be found in the help pages.

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Key to terms and symbols Click ligand name to view ligand summary Click column headers to sort
Ligand References Clinical and Disease comments
iberdomide
Immuno Disease Comments: Phase 1/2 clinical candidate for MM- see NCT03161483
Clinical Use: CC-220 is being evaluated in clinical trials for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE; Phase 2), and for relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (alone or in combination with (Phase 1/2). | View clinical data
Bioactivity Comments: CC-220 binds cereblon with higher affinity than or [5]. | View biological activity
plerixafor
Immuno Disease Comments: Immunostimulant stem cell mobiliser used in autologous stem cell transplantation.
Clinical Use: Plerixafor is an immunostimulant approved for use as a hematopoietic stem cell mobiliser in the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and multiple myeloma where autologous stem cell transplantation is necessary. The EMA granted plerixafor orphan status in 2011 as an adjunctive treatment to cytotoxic therapy in acute myeloid leukaemia.

Recent studies have suggested the possibility of plerixafor being repurposed for new indications, including recurrent high-grade glioma and pancreatic cancer. Plerixafor is in Phase 1 study (in combination with ) for recurrent high-grade glioma (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT01339039). | View clinical data
daratumumab
Immuno Disease Comments: Approved therapeutic for MM.
Clinical Use: Daratumumab was the first anti-CD38 monoclonal to gain clinical approval for the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM). In November 2015, the US FDA granted accelerated approval for daratumumab as a treatment for MM, in patients who have received at least three prior treatments. The EMA granted marketing authorisationfro this indication in 2016.
Phase 3 trial NCT02136134 evaluated the addition of daratumumab to and in patients with relapsed or refractory MM. Preliminary results showed that this combination was much more effective than the current standard of care (as presented at the 2016 ASCO Annual Meeting, June 3-7, Chicago: Abstract LBA4 and reported in [10]). In November 2016, the FDA approved the use of daratumumab plus and dexamethasone, or bortezomib and dexamethasone for MM patients who have received at least one prior therapy. In Europe the EMA has granted daratumumab orphan designation for the treatment of plasma-cell myeloma (2013) and AL amyloidosis (2018). FDA approval was further expanded in September 2019 to include treatment of newly diagnosed MM in patients who are eligible for autologous stem cell transplant (daratumumab plus bortezomib, , and dexamethasone in this instance).
Click here to link to ClinicalTrials.gov's listing of daratumumab trials.

Darzalex Faspro® (daratumumab plus hyaluronidase-fihj) was FDA approved in May 2020, to allow subcutaneous dosing of daratumumab in indications for which intravenous daratumumab had previously been authorised. In January 2021,Darzalex Faspro® was FDA approved as a treatment for newly diagnosed light chain amyloidosis, a disease that is charactersed by the formation of deposits of IgG light chain proteins that are produced by a clonal population of bone marrow plasma cells, and which often occurs in association with MM. | View clinical data
Bioactivity Comments: Daratumumab is reported to induce complement-dependent cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in patient-derived multiple myeloma cells [2].
Peptide sequence analysis of the heavy chain variable region of daratumumab matches a sequence claimed in patent US7829673 [1], and is the heavy chain component of monoclonal −005 described therein. Daratumumab does not cross‐react with rodent CD38 or cynomolgus monkey CD38 [2]. | View biological activity
elotuzumab
Immuno Disease Comments: Approved drug for MM.
Clinical Use: Following evaluation in Phase 3 clinical trial for MM, which tested various combinations of , or ± elotuzumab [7-8], the US FDA approved the elotuzumab/lenalidomide/dexamethasone combination in late 2015. Use is indicated for MM patients who have received one to three prior therapies.
In the European Union elotuzumab has had orphan drug designation since August 2012, for the treatment of MM. | View clinical data
Bioactivity Comments: The biological activity of elotuzumab has been well characterised [3,6]. We have tagged the primary molecular target, providing data from patent US7709610 [9]. | View biological activity

References

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1. De Weers M, Graus Y, Oprins J, Parren P, Van De Winkel J, Van Vugt M. (2010) Antibodies Against Cd38 For Treatment Of Multiple Myeloma. Patent number: US7829673. Assignee: Genmab A/S. Priority date: 23/03/2005. Publication date: 09/11/2010.

2. de Weers M, Tai YT, van der Veer MS, Bakker JM, Vink T, Jacobs DC, Oomen LA, Peipp M, Valerius T, Slootstra JW et al.. (2011) Daratumumab, a novel therapeutic human CD38 monoclonal antibody, induces killing of multiple myeloma and other hematological tumors. J Immunol, 186 (3): 1840-8. [PMID:21187443]

3. Hsi ED, Steinle R, Balasa B, Szmania S, Draksharapu A, Shum BP, Huseni M, Powers D, Nanisetti A, Zhang Y et al.. (2008) CS1, a potential new therapeutic antibody target for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Clin Cancer Res, 14 (9): 2775-84. [PMID:18451245]

4. Lozano E, Díaz T, Mena MP, Suñe G, Calvo X, Calderón M, Pérez-Amill L, Rodríguez V, Pérez-Galán P, Roué G et al.. (2018) Loss of the Immune Checkpoint CD85j/LILRB1 on Malignant Plasma Cells Contributes to Immune Escape in Multiple Myeloma. J Immunol, 200 (8): 2581-2591. [PMID:29531171]

5. Matyskiela ME, Zhang W, Man HW, Muller G, Khambatta G, Baculi F, Hickman M, LeBrun L, Pagarigan B, Carmel G et al.. (2018) A Cereblon Modulator (CC-220) with Improved Degradation of Ikaros and Aiolos. J Med Chem, 61 (2): 535-542. [PMID:28425720]

6. Tai YT, Dillon M, Song W, Leiba M, Li XF, Burger P, Lee AI, Podar K, Hideshima T, Rice AG et al.. (2008) Anti-CS1 humanized monoclonal antibody HuLuc63 inhibits myeloma cell adhesion and induces antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in the bone marrow milieu. Blood, 112 (4): 1329-37. [PMID:17906076]

7. van Rhee F, Szmania SM, Dillon M, van Abbema AM, Li X, Stone MK, Garg TK, Shi J, Moreno-Bost AM, Yun R et al.. (2009) Combinatorial efficacy of anti-CS1 monoclonal antibody elotuzumab (HuLuc63) and bortezomib against multiple myeloma. Mol Cancer Ther, 8 (9): 2616-24. [PMID:19723891]

8. Veillette A, Guo H. (2013) CS1, a SLAM family receptor involved in immune regulation, is a therapeutic target in multiple myeloma. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol, 88 (1): 168-77. [PMID:23731618]

9. Williams M, Tso JY, Landolfi NF, Powers DB, Liu G. (2010) Therapeutic use of anti-CS1 antibodies. Patent number: US7709610. Assignee: Facet Biotech Corporation. Priority date: 28/05/2003. Publication date: 04/05/2010.

10. (2016) A Three-Drug Combo for Multiple Myeloma. Cancer Discov, 6 (11): OF4. [PMID:27630127]