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Lysophospholipid (S1P) receptors C

Unless otherwise stated all data on this page refer to the human proteins. Gene information is provided for human (Hs), mouse (Mm) and rat (Rn).

Overview

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Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptors (nomenclature as agreed by the NC-IUPHAR Subcommittee on Lysophospholipid receptors [37]) are activated by the endogenous lipid sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). Originally cloned as orphan members of the endothelial differentiation gene (edg) family [3,45], the receptors are currently designated as S1P1R through S1P5R [3,30,45]. Their gene nomenclature has been codified as human S1PR1, S1PR2, etc. (HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee, HGNC) and S1pr1, S1pr2, etc. for mice (Mouse Genome Informatics Database, MGI) to reflect species and receptor function. All S1P receptors (S1PRs) have been knocked-out in mice constitutively and in some cases, conditionally.

S1PRs, particularly S1P1, are expressed throughout all mammalian organ systems. Ligand delivery occurs via two known carriers (or "chaperones"): albumin and HDL-bound apolipoprotein M (ApoM), the latter of which elicits biased agonist signaling by S1P1 in multiple cell types [5,19]. The five S1PRs, two chaperones, and active cellular metabolism have complicated analyses of receptor ligand binding in native systems.

Signaling pathways and physiological roles have been characterized through radioligand binding in heterologous expression systems, targeted deletion of the different S1PRs, and most recently, mouse models that report in vivo S1P1R activation [38-39]. The structures of S1P1 [29,40,64,66], S1P2 [12], S1P3[43,68], and S1P5 [41,67] are solved, and confirmed aspects of ligand binding, specificity, and receptor activation, determined previously through biochemical and genetic studies [4,29]. Fingolimod (FTY720), the first FDA-approved drug to target any of the lysophospholipid receptors, binds as a phosphorylated metabolite to four of the five S1PRs, and was the first oral therapy for multiple sclerosis (MS) [13]. Second-generation S1PR modulators siponimod, ozanimod, and ponesimod that target S1P1 and S1P5 are also FDA approved for the treatment of various MS forms [3,45]. In 2021, ozanimod became the first S1PR modulator to be FDA approved for the treatment of ulcerative colitis [56]. The mechanisms of action of fingolimod and other S1PR-modulating drugs now in development include binding S1PRs in multiple organ systems, e.g., immune and nervous systems, although the precise nature of their receptor interactions requires clarification [14,26-27,54].

Receptors

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S1P1 receptor C Show summary » More detailed page go icon to follow link

S1P2 receptor C Show summary » More detailed page go icon to follow link

S1P3 receptor C Show summary » More detailed page go icon to follow link

S1P4 receptor C Show summary » More detailed page go icon to follow link

S1P5 receptor C Show summary » More detailed page go icon to follow link

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Further reading

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References

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NC-IUPHAR subcommittee and family contributors

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How to cite this family page

Database page citation (select format):

Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY citation:

Alexander SPH, Christopoulos A, Davenport AP, Kelly E, Mathie AA, Peters JA, Veale EL, Armstrong JF, Faccenda E, Harding SD, Davies JA et al. (2023) The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2023/24: G protein-coupled receptors. Br J Pharmacol. 180 Suppl 2:S23-S144.