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Atopic dermatitis

GtoPdb Disease Summaries

This section gives an overview of the disease, and where available shows the following:

  • Synonyms: Shows known synonyms for the disease.
  • Description: Gives a basic description/definition of the disease.
  • Database Link: External links to the same disease at the Disease Ontology, OMIM or Orphanet sites.
  • Immunopharmacology comments: General comments about the target's role in immunopharmacology, provided by GtoImmuPdb curators.
  • Associated with: Counts are displayed for the total targets the disease is associated with in GtoPdb. The counts of targets and ligands of immunological relevance associated to the disease are also shown.

More information can be found in the help pages.

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Disease ID:94
Name:Atopic dermatitis
Associated with:2 targets
1 immuno-relevant target
17 immuno-relevant ligands
Database Links
Disease Ontology: DOID:3310
OMIM: 603165

Targets

GtoPdb Disease Summaries - Targets

Click on the target name to link to its detailed view page

Where available, information is display on the role of the target in the disease; drugs which target the disease and their therapeutic use and side-effects.

If there is mutation data curated in GtoPdb this is indicated, with a link back to the appropriate section on the target detailed view page

Immuno ligand interactions - If available, a table of immuno-relevant ligands is shown. These ligands have been curated as having an association to the disease and possess interaction data with the target in GtoPdb. The approval status of the ligand is shown, along with curator comments and an indication of whether the target is considered the primary target of the ligand.

More information can be found in the help pages.

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Key to terms and symbols
BLT1 receptor
References:  16
INPP5D
Comments:  Target of activating compounds with potential immunosuppressant action. Phase 2 with rosiptor has been completed for atopic dermatitis.
Ligand interactions: 
Ligand Comments
rosiptor
Phase 2 clinical trial NCT02324972 completed.

Ligands

GtoPdb Disease Summaries - Ligands

Click ligand name to view ligand summary page

  • Approved: If the ligand is an approved drug this is indicated, along with approval bodies.
  • Immuno: Immuno icon indicates the ligand is immuno-relevant

Click the arrow in the final column to expand comments

  • Immuno Disease Comments: Curatorial comments specifically added as part of GtoImmuPdb. They give more information on the association between the ligand and disease in the context of immunopharmacology.
  • Clinical Use: General clinical comments relating to the ligand and may not necessarily be specific to the disease in question. With hyperlink to more details on the ligand summary pages.
  • Bioactivty Comments: Curatorial comments specifically about the compounds biological activity - with hyperlink to more details on the ligand summary pages.

More information can be found in the help pages.

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Key to terms and symbols Click ligand name to view ligand summary Click column headers to sort
Ligand References Clinical and Disease comments
tralokinumab
Immuno Disease Comments: Phase 3 clinical candidate for atopic dermatitis (see NCT03131648).
Clinical Use: Tralokinumab reached Phase 3 clinical trials for uncontrolled asthma, and atopic dermatitis, and Phase 2 for alopecia areata. Click here to link to ClinicalTrials.gov's listing of Phase 3 tralokinumab trials. In addition, Phase 2 trials are investigating tralokinumab as a treatment for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF, NCT01629667 and NCT02036580). Business reports online indicate that AstraZeneca have discontinued tralokinumab development foa asthma as it showed no benefit over placebo in their STRATOS 2 and TROPOS late-stage asthma trials [1].
The EMA approved LEO Pharma's tralokinumab product Adtralza® in July 2021, as a treatment for severe atopic dermatitis that cannot be controlled by topical drugs. FDA approval for this indication followed at the end of 2021. | View clinical data
asivatrep
Immuno Disease Comments: Phase 3 clinical candidate for atopic dermatitis.
Clinical Use: A Phase 3 clinical study evaluating PAC-14028 vs. atopic dermatitis is underway (see NCT02965118). Phase 2 studies for rosacea, seborrheic dermatitis and skin pruritus have been completed. | View clinical data
rovazolac
Immuno Disease Comments: Phase 2 clinical candidate for atopic dermatitis.
Clinical Use: A Phase 2 clinical trial evaluating ALX-101 as a topical treatment for moderate atopic dermatitis is underway (see NCT03175354). | View clinical data
tapinarof
Immuno Disease Comments: Phase 1 clinical candidate for atopic dermatitis- NCT02466152
Clinical Use: Topically applied tapinarof (research code GSK2894512) demonstrated clinical efficacy in Phase 2 and Phase 3 clinical trials in patients with plaque psoriasis (PS) [5,11]. Tapinarof has also completed Phase 1 studies for atopic dermatitis. The first FDA approval (May 2022) authorised use of tapinarof (Vtama®) as a treament for PS. Unlike steroid-based anti-inflammatory drugs that are used to treat PS, tapinarof has an unlimited duration of use and can be used on sensitive body areas. | View clinical data
Bioactivity Comments: Tapinarof inhibits proinflammatory cytokine expression in vitro and exhibits anti-inflammatory effects in vivo [23]. | View biological activity
difamilast
Immuno Disease Comments: Phase 2 clinical candidate for atopic dermatitis- see NCT02914548
Clinical Use: OPA-15406 was advanced to clinical trials in adult and pediatric patients with atopic dermatitis. Click here to view ClinicalTrials.gov's registered OPA-15406 trials. Positive Phase 2 trial results were published by Hanifin et al. in 2016 [9]. First approval was issued in Japan in September 2021, for a topical formulation (Moizerto®) as a treatment for atopic dermatitis. | View clinical data
Bioactivity Comments: OPA-15406 exhibits high selectivity for the PDE4B isoform [9]. | View biological activity
cortisol
Immuno Disease Comments: Glucocorticoid drug used to treat many inflammatory condtions including allergic dermatitis.
Clinical Use: Hydrocortisone is used to treat many immune and allergic disorders, adrenal insufficiency disorders (eg Addison's disease), corticosteroid-responsive dermatological disorders (eg psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and contact dermatitis) and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. | View clinical data
IL-31
Immuno Disease Comments: IL-31 expression is elevated in inflammatory cells in atopic dermatitis.
dupilumab
Immuno Disease Comments: Dupilumab is approved to treat atopic dermatitis (eczema).
Clinical Use: Dupilumab was originally evaluated as a treatment for atopic allergic conditions, including asthma [29], atopic dermatitis (AD) and nasal polyposis [4]. A list of trials registered at ClinicalTrials.gov is available here.
The first full regulatory approval for dupilumab was granted by the FDA in March 2017 and this was for the treatment of moderate-to-severe eczema (atopic dermatitis). The EMA granted this same approval in August 2017. In October 2018, FDA approval was expanded to encompass the treatment of patients with eosinophilic type or oral corticosteroid-dependent moderate-to-severe asthma. June 2019 saw FDA approval expanded to include treatment of patients with uncontrolled chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis. | View clinical data
Bioactivity Comments: Affinity data in the table below is taken from patent US7608693 [12], using antibody clone H4H098P as a representative example of the embodiment of the patent. The clone becoming dupilumab is not reported. | View biological activity
tezepelumab
Immuno Disease Comments: Clinical candidate for atopic dermatitis (Phase 1).
Clinical Use: Evauation of tezepelumab was continued in patients with severe asthma, but it failed to demonstrate efficacy in atopic dermatitis [2]. Tezepelumab was granted breakthrough designation by the FDA in September 2018 based on data from the Phase 2b PATHWAY study. Click here to link to ClinicalTrials.gov's full listing of tezepelumab (research coded AMG 157 or MEDI9929) trials. The FDA granted full approval as a therapeutic option for severe asthma in December 2021. | View clinical data
JNJ-39758979 10,14
Immuno Disease Comments: Failed to show clinical efficiency in Phase 2 trial.
Clinical Use: Phase 2a clinical trial results in patients with moderate atopic dermatitis are published in [14] which indicate that the study did not meet its primary end-point, and produced drug-induced agranulocytosis, explaining its termination. Phase 2 trial NCT00946569 in asthma patients has been completed. | View clinical data
Bioactivity Comments: Preclinical data are reported in [26]. | View biological activity
crisaborole
Immuno Disease Comments: Approved drug for atopic dermatitis.
Clinical Use: Crisaborole (with research code AN2728) has completed Phase 3 clinical trials as a monotherapy for atopic dermatitis (NCT02118792 and NCT02118766) and has received FDA approval for treatment of mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis in December 2016. | View clinical data
Bioactivity Comments: Inhibits partially purified human PDE4 with an IC50 of 490nM, and inhibits cytokine release in vitro and in vivo [3]. | View biological activity
adriforant 30
Immuno Disease Comments: Completed Phase 2 trial in atopic dermatitis (see NCT02424253). Improvement in inflammatory AD lesions in response to ZPL-3893787 treatment in clinical trial was reported by Werrfel et al. (2018)
Clinical Use: ZPL-3893787 reached Phase 2 clinical trial for evaluation as an antiinflammatory agent in patients with plaque psoriasis (see NCT02618616), and a Phase 1 in atopic dermatitis has been completed. Although the compound was better than placebo at reducing eczema symptoms such as inflammation in a phase 2a study for moderate-severe atopic dermatitis, it failed to meet an itch-related endpoint. Novartis terminated their ZPL-3893787 programme in mid-2020. | View clinical data
rosiptor
Immuno Disease Comments: Phase 2 clinical trial NCT02324972 completed.
Clinical Use: AQX-1125 has reached Phase 2 clinical trial in chronic inflammatory conditions such as unstable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and atopic dermatitis, and Phase 3 for interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome [15] (see NCT02858453). Click here to link to ClinicalTrials.gov's full list of AQX-1125 trials. | View clinical data
Bioactivity Comments: AQX-1125 activates INPP5D enzyme activity by 20% (reducing the KM from 214 (control) to 180 [25]. This reduction in KM is concentration-dependent, but the compound has no effect on the enzyme's turnover constant (kcat) or maximum velocity (Vmax), which is indicative of allosteric modulation [25]. | View biological activity
timapiprant
Immuno Disease Comments: Phase 2 clinical candidate for atopic dermatitis.
Clinical Use: OC000459 is being evaluated in several Phase 2 clinical trials in various inflammatory and allergic conditions including asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis. Click here to link to a list of Phase 2 OC000459 trials registered with ClinicalTrials.gov. | View clinical data
Bioactivity Comments: OC000459 inhibits mast cell-dependent activation of human Th2 lymphocytes and eosinophils [17]. It does not antagonise ligand binding at any of the other prostanoid receptors [17]. | View biological activity
fezakinumab
Immuno Disease Comments: Active Phase 2 study NCT01941537.
Clinical Use: Fezakinumab (ILV-094) has reached Phase 2 for atopic dermatitis (NCT01941537 ongoing), rheumatoid arthritis (NCT00883896 completed) and Phase 1 for psoriasis (NCT00563524 completed). | View clinical data
Bioactivity Comments: Fezakinumab shows cross-species reactivity, blocking IL-22 receptor activation and cellular proliferation induced by murine, monkey and rat IL-22 in addition to the human cytokine [8]. | View biological activity
upadacitinib
Immuno Disease Comments: Phase 3 clinical candidate for AD- see NCT03568318
Clinical Use: Upadacitinib (ABT-494) completed successful Phase 3 clinical evaluation for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) [7,13,24], and was granted FDA approval in August 2019 and EMA approval in December 2019, as a treatment for patients with moderate-severe active RA that is inadequately controlled by [6]. Evaluation of upadacitinib's potential in additional immune-mediated conditions (psoriatic arthritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, ankylosing spondylitis, atopic dermatitis, SLE and temporal arteritis) are ongoing [18,20,27]. Click here to link to ClinicalTrials.gov's list of ABT-494 studies.
Abbvie reported (in a press release) that upadacitinib met its primary and secondary endpoints in Phase 3 evaluation in psoriatic arthritis (October 2019). No new safety risks were detected. Depending on the dose administered, 25-29% of patients achieved minimal disease activity at week 24 of the study. Formal publication of these results will follow.
FDA approval was expanded in May 2023, to include treatment of moderate-severe active Crohn's disease that has not responded to anti-TNFα drugs. | View clinical data
Bioactivity Comments: In a kinase screening panel, only two other kinases, Rock1 and Rock2 have IC50s below 1000nM [28]. | View biological activity
abrocitinib
Immuno Disease Comments: Approved drug for AD, which mediates immune suppression by inhibiting activity of the immunokinase JAK1.
Clinical Use: Abrocitinib (PF-04965842) was advanced to clinical trials for autoimmune conditions, and reached Phase 3 evaluation for atopic dermatitis and Phase 2 for plaque psoriasis (NCT02201524). Results from the psoriasis trial have been published [19], and these indicated that PF-04965842 improved disease symptoms and was well tolerated in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis. Further development for psoriasis has been terminated by the sponsor (Pfizer) for business reasons. Development in moderate to severe atopic dermatitis is continuing in Pfizer's JAK1 Atopic Dermatitis Efficacy and Safety (JADE) program, which incluides the JADE MONO-1 (NCT03349060) and JADE MONO-2 (NCT03575871) trials. Results demonstrating significant efficacy in the JADE MONO-1 study were published in July 2020 [22], and similarly supportive results from JADE MONO-2 followed in August 2020 [21].

Abrocitinib was first approved for clinical use in 2021. Under these authorisations it is indicated as a treatment for moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis in adult patients who are candidates for systemic therapy. The FDA's approval as a treatment for atopic dermatitis was granted in January 2022. | View clinical data

References

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1. Adams B. Sanofi ditches IL-4/IL-13 antibody drug in lung-scarring disease. Accessed on 09/02/2018. Modified on 09/02/2018. fiercebiotech.com, https://www.fiercebiotech.com/biotech/sanofi-ditches-il4-il13-antibody-drug-lung-scarring-disease

2. Agnihotri G, Lio PA. (2020) Revisiting Therapies for Atopic Dermatitis that Failed Clinical Trials. Clin Drug Investig, 40 (5): 421-431. [PMID:32172523]

3. Akama T, Baker SJ, Zhang YK, Hernandez V, Zhou H, Sanders V, Freund Y, Kimura R, Maples KR, Plattner JJ. (2009) Discovery and structure-activity study of a novel benzoxaborole anti-inflammatory agent (AN2728) for the potential topical treatment of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 19 (8): 2129-32. [PMID:19303290]

4. Bachert C, Mannent L, Naclerio RM, Mullol J, Ferguson BJ, Gevaert P, Hellings P, Jiao L, Wang L, Evans RR et al.. (2016) Effect of Subcutaneous Dupilumab on Nasal Polyp Burden in Patients With Chronic Sinusitis and Nasal Polyposis: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA, 315 (5): 469-79. [PMID:26836729]

5. Bissonnette R, Bolduc C, Maari C, Nigen S, Webster JM, Tang L, Lyle M. (2012) Efficacy and safety of topical WBI-1001 in patients with mild to moderate psoriasis: results from a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled, phase II trial. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 26 (12): 1516-21. [PMID:22077962]

6. Duggan S, Keam SJ. (2019) Upadacitinib: First Approval. Drugs, 79 (16): 1819-1828. [PMID:31642025]

7. Fleischmann R, Pangan AL, Song IH, Mysler E, Bessette L, Peterfy C, Durez P, Ostor AJ, Li Y, Zhou Y et al.. (2019) Upadacitinib Versus Placebo or Adalimumab in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis and an Inadequate Response to Methotrexate: Results of a Phase III, Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial. Arthritis Rheumatol, 71 (11): 1788-1800. [PMID:31287230]

8. Fouser LA, Hegen M, Luxenberg DP, O'Toole M. (2010) Methods of using antibodies against human IL-22. Patent number: US7811567. Assignee: Wyeth Llc. Priority date: 21/02/2006. Publication date: 12/10/2010.

9. Hanifin JM, Ellis CN, Frieden IJ, Fölster-Holst R, Stein Gold LF, Secci A, Smith AJ, Zhao C, Kornyeyeva E, Eichenfield LF. (2016) OPA-15406, a novel, topical, nonsteroidal, selective phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitor, in the treatment of adult and adolescent patients with mild to moderate atopic dermatitis (AD): A phase-II randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Am Acad Dermatol, 75 (2): 297-305. [PMID:27189825]

10. Kollmeier A, Francke K, Chen B, Dunford PJ, Greenspan AJ, Xia Y, Xu XL, Zhou B, Thurmond RL. (2014) The histamine H₄ receptor antagonist, JNJ 39758979, is effective in reducing histamine-induced pruritus in a randomized clinical study in healthy subjects. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 350 (1): 181-7. [PMID:24817035]

11. Lebwohl MG, Stein Gold L, Strober B, Papp KA, Armstrong AW, Bagel J, Kircik L, Ehst B, Hong HC, Soung J et al.. (2021) Phase 3 Trials of Tapinarof Cream for Plaque Psoriasis. N Engl J Med, 385 (24): 2219-2229. [PMID:34879448]

12. Martin JH, Huang TT, Fairhurst JL, Papadopoulos NJ. (2009) Cytokine specific immunoglobulin for use in diagnosis, prevention and treatment ,of cell proliferative, inflammatory, allergic, respiratory, autoimmune and arthritic disorders. Patent number: US7608693. Assignee: Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc.. Priority date: 02/10/2006. Publication date: 27/10/2009.

13. Mohamed MF, Klünder B, Camp HS, Othman AA. (2019) Exposure-Response Analyses of Upadacitinib Efficacy in Phase II Trials in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Basis for Phase III Dose Selection. Clin Pharmacol Ther, 106 (6): 1319-1327. [PMID:31194885]

14. Murata Y, Song M, Kikuchi H, Hisamichi K, Xu XL, Greenspan A, Kato M, Chiou CF, Kato T, Guzzo C et al.. (2015) Phase 2a, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, parallel-group study of a H4 R-antagonist (JNJ-39758979) in Japanese adults with moderate atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol, 42 (2): 129-39. [PMID:25491792]

15. Nickel JC, Egerdie B, Davis E, Evans R, Mackenzie L, Shrewsbury SB. (2016) A Phase II Study of the Efficacy and Safety of the Novel Oral SHIP1 Activator AQX-1125 in Subjects with Moderate to Severe Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome. J Urol, 196 (3): 747-54. [PMID:26968644]

16. Oyoshi MK, He R, Li Y, Mondal S, Yoon J, Afshar R, Chen M, Lee DM, Luo HR, Luster AD et al.. (2012) Leukotriene B4-driven neutrophil recruitment to the skin is essential for allergic skin inflammation. Immunity, 37 (4): 747-58. [PMID:23063331]

17. Pettipher R, Vinall SL, Xue L, Speight G, Townsend ER, Gazi L, Whelan CJ, Armer RE, Payton MA, Hunter MG. (2012) Pharmacologic profile of OC000459, a potent, selective, and orally active D prostanoid receptor 2 antagonist that inhibits mast cell-dependent activation of T helper 2 lymphocytes and eosinophils. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 340 (2): 473-82. [PMID:22106101]

18. Pérez-Jeldres T, Tyler CJ, Boyer JD, Karuppuchamy T, Yarur A, Giles DA, Yeasmin S, Lundborg L, Sandborn WJ, Patel DR et al.. (2019) Targeting Cytokine Signaling and Lymphocyte Traffic via Small Molecules in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: JAK Inhibitors and S1PR Agonists. Front Pharmacol, 10: 212. [PMID:30930775]

19. Schmieder GJ, Draelos ZD, Pariser DM, Banfield C, Cox L, Hodge M, Kieras E, Parsons-Rich D, Menon S, Salganik M et al.. (2018) Efficacy and safety of the Janus kinase 1 inhibitor PF-04965842 in patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis: phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Br J Dermatol, 179 (1): 54-62. [PMID:28949012]

20. Shukla T, Sands BE. (2019) Novel Non-biologic Targets for Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Curr Gastroenterol Rep, 21 (5): 22. [PMID:31016396]

21. Silverberg JI, Simpson EL, Thyssen JP, Gooderham M, Chan G, Feeney C, Biswas P, Valdez H, DiBonaventura M, Nduaka C et al.. (2020) Efficacy and Safety of Abrocitinib in Patients With Moderate-to-Severe Atopic Dermatitis: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Dermatol, 156 (8): 863-873. [PMID:32492087]

22. Simpson EL, Sinclair R, Forman S, Wollenberg A, Aschoff R, Cork M, Bieber T, Thyssen JP, Yosipovitch G, Flohr C et al.. (2020) Efficacy and safety of abrocitinib in adults and adolescents with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis (JADE MONO-1): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet, 396 (10246): 255-266. [PMID:32711801]

23. Smith SH, Jayawickreme C, Rickard DJ, Nicodeme E, Bui T, Simmons C, Coquery CM, Neil J, Pryor WM, Mayhew D et al.. (2017) Tapinarof Is a Natural AhR Agonist that Resolves Skin Inflammation in Mice and Humans. J Invest Dermatol, 137 (10): 2110-2119. [PMID:28595996]

24. Smolen JS, Pangan AL, Emery P, Rigby W, Tanaka Y, Vargas JI, Zhang Y, Damjanov N, Friedman A, Othman AA et al.. (2019) Upadacitinib as monotherapy in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis and inadequate response to methotrexate (SELECT-MONOTHERAPY): a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind phase 3 study. Lancet, 393 (10188): 2303-2311. [PMID:31130260]

25. Stenton GR, Mackenzie LF, Tam P, Cross JL, Harwig C, Raymond J, Toews J, Wu J, Ogden N, MacRury T et al.. (2013) Characterization of AQX-1125, a small-molecule SHIP1 activator: Part 1. Effects on inflammatory cell activation and chemotaxis in vitro and pharmacokinetic characterization in vivo. Br J Pharmacol, 168 (6): 1506-18. [PMID:23121445]

26. Thurmond RL, Chen B, Dunford PJ, Greenspan AJ, Karlsson L, La D, Ward P, Xu XL. (2014) Clinical and preclinical characterization of the histamine H(4) receptor antagonist JNJ-39758979. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 349 (2): 176-84. [PMID:24549371]

27. Torgutalp M, Poddubnyy D. (2018) Emerging treatment options for spondyloarthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol, 32 (3): 472-484. [PMID:31171316]

28. Voss JW, Camp HS, Padley RJ. (2015) Jak1 selective inhibitor and uses thereof. Patent number: WO2015061665. Assignee: Abbvie Inc.. Priority date: 24/10/2013. Publication date: 30/04/2015.

29. Wenzel S, Ford L, Pearlman D, Spector S, Sher L, Skobieranda F, Wang L, Kirkesseli S, Rocklin R, Bock B et al.. (2013) Dupilumab in persistent asthma with elevated eosinophil levels. N Engl J Med, 368 (26): 2455-66. [PMID:23688323]

30. Werfel T, Layton G, Yeadon M, Whitlock L, Osterloh I, Jimenez P, Liu W, Lynch V, Asher A, Tsianakas A et al.. (2019) Efficacy and safety of the histamine H4 receptor antagonist ZPL-3893787 in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 143 (5): 1830-1837.e4. [PMID:30414855]