Gene and Protein Information
class A G protein-coupled receptor
Species	TM	AA	Chromosomal Location	Gene Symbol	Gene Name	Reference
Human	7	400	6q24-q25	OPRM1	opioid receptor mu 1	167
Mouse	7	398	10 A2	Oprm1	opioid receptor	104
Rat	7	398	1p11	Oprm1	opioid receptor	24,44,149,166,177

Previous and Unofficial Names

Mu receptor | MOP | OP3 | MOPr | opioid receptor, mu 1 | opioid receptor

Database Links
Specialist databases
GPCRDB	oprm_human (Hs), oprm_mouse (Mm), oprm_rat (Rn)
Other databases
ChEMBL Target	CHEMBL233 (Hs), CHEMBL2858 (Mm), CHEMBL270 (Rn)
DrugBank Target	P35372 (Hs)
Ensembl Gene	ENSG00000112038 (Hs), ENSMUSG00000000766 (Mm), ENSRNOG00000018191 (Rn)
Entrez Gene	4988 (Hs), 18390 (Mm), 25601 (Rn)
Human Protein Atlas	ENSG00000112038 (Hs)
KEGG Gene	hsa:4988 (Hs), mmu:18390 (Mm), rno:25601 (Rn)
OMIM	600018 (Hs)
Pharos	P35372 (Hs)
RefSeq Nucleotide	NM_000914 (Hs), NM_001039652 (Mm), NM_013071 (Rn)
RefSeq Protein	NP_000905 (Hs), NP_001034741 (Mm), NP_037203 (Rn)
SynPHARM	3941 (in complex with β-FNA)
UniProtKB	P35372 (Hs), P42866 (Mm), P33535 (Rn)
Wikipedia	OPRM1 (Hs)

Selected 3D Structures
	Description:  Crystal structure of the mu-opioid receptor bound to a morphinan antagonist PDB Id:  4DKL Ligand:  β-FNA Resolution:  2.8Å Species:  Mouse References:  92
	Description:  Structure of the μ-opioid receptor–Gi protein complex PDB Id:  6DDF Ligand:  DAMGO Resolution:  3.5Å Species:  Mouse References:  78

Natural/Endogenous Ligands
dynorphin A-(1-13) {Sp: Human, Mouse, Rat}
dynorphin A {Sp: Human, Mouse, Rat}
dynorphin A-(1-8) {Sp: Human, Mouse, Rat}
dynorphin B {Sp: Human, Mouse, Rat}
endomorphin-1 {Sp: Human}
endomorphin-2 {Sp: Human}
β-endorphin {Sp: Human} , β-endorphin {Sp: Mouse} , β-endorphin {Sp: Rat}
[Leu]enkephalin {Sp: Human, Mouse, Rat}
[Met]enkephalin {Sp: Human, Mouse, Rat}
Comments: β-Endorphin is the highest potency endogenous ligand

Potential endogenous agonists

endomorphin-1, endomorphin-2

Principal endogenous agonists (Human)

β-endorphin (POMC, P01189), [Met]enkephalin (PENK, P01210), [Leu]enkephalin (PENK, P01210)

Download all structure-activity data for this target as a CSV file

Agonists
Key to terms and symbols	View all chemical structures	Click column headers to sort
Ligand Sp. Action Value Parameter Reference [3H]DAMGO Rn Full agonist 9.2 pKd 131 ⤷ pKd 9.2 (Kd 5.7x10-10 M) [131] carfentanil Cp Agonist 10.6 pKi 32 ⤷ pKi 10.6 (Ki 2.4x10-11 M) [32] Description: Binding affinity in guinea pig whole brain- displacement of [3H]DAGO binding. (-)-cyclazocine Hs Partial agonist 10.0 pKi 153 ⤷ pKi 10.0 [153] butorphanol Hs Partial agonist 9.9 pKi 46 ⤷ pKi 9.9 (Ki 1.2x10-10 M) [46] Description: Displacement of [3H]DAMGO from human μ opioid receptor expressed in CHO cells. sufentanil Hs Full agonist 9.9 pKi 162 ⤷ pKi 9.9 (Ki 1.38x10-10 M) [162] etonitazene Hs Full agonist 9.7 pKi 153 ⤷ pKi 9.7 [153] hydromorphone Hs Agonist 9.6 pKi 168 ⤷ pKi 9.6 (Ki 2.8x10-10 M) [168] ethylketocyclazocine Hs Full agonist 9.5 pKi 153 ⤷ pKi 9.5 [153] etorphine Hs Full agonist 9.5 pKi 153 ⤷ pKi 9.5 [153] fentanyl Rn Full agonist 9.4 pKi 131 ⤷ pKi 9.4 [131] DAMGO Hs Full agonist 9.3 pKi 57,153 ⤷ pKi 9.3 [57,153] loperamide Hs Agonist 9.3 pKi 25 ⤷ pKi 9.3 (Ki 5.3x10-10 M) [25] (-)-methadone Hs Full agonist 9.2 pKi 153 ⤷ pKi 9.2 [153] [Met]enkephalin {Sp: Human, Mouse, Rat} Rn Full agonist 9.2 pKi 131 ⤷ pKi 9.2 [131] fentanyl Hs Full agonist 9.2 pKi 153 ⤷ pKi 9.2 [153] cebranopadol Hs Agonist 9.1 pKi 87 ⤷ pKi 9.1 (Ki 7x10-10 M) [87] Description: Radioligand binding assay sufentanil Rn Full agonist 9.1 pKi 171 ⤷ pKi 9.1 (Ki 7.7x10-10 M) [171] eluxadoline Rn Agonist 9.1 pKi 17 ⤷ pKi 9.1 (Ki 9x10-10 M) [17] morphine Hs Full agonist 9.0 pKi 51,153 ⤷ pKi 9.0 [51,153] β-endorphin {Sp: Human} Rn Full agonist 9.0 pKi 131 ⤷ pKi 9.0 [131] PZM21 Hs Biased agonist 9.0 pKi 93 ⤷ pKi 9.0 (Ki 1.1x10-9 M) [93] bilorphin Hs Agonist 9.0 pKi 35 ⤷ pKi 9.0 (Ki 1.1x10-9 M) [35] dihydromorphine Hs Full agonist 8.8 pKi 153 ⤷ pKi 8.8 [153] dynorphin-(1-11) Hs Full agonist 8.8 pKi 153 ⤷ pKi 8.8 [153] normorphine Hs Full agonist 8.8 pKi 153 ⤷ pKi 8.8 [153] nalbuphine Hs Agonist 8.8 pKi 168 ⤷ pKi 8.8 (Ki 1.6x10-9 M) [168] buprenorphine Hs Partial agonist 8.8 pKi 153 ⤷ pKi 8.8 [153] eluxadoline Hs Agonist 8.8 pKi 17 ⤷ pKi 8.8 (Ki 1.7x10-9 M) [17] DADLE Hs Full agonist 8.7 pKi 153 ⤷ pKi 8.7 [153] DAMGO Rn Full agonist 8.7 pKi 131 ⤷ pKi 8.7 [131] hydrocodone Hs Agonist 8.7 pKi 118 ⤷ pKi 8.7 (Ki 2x10-9 M) [118] BU08028 Hs Partial agonist 8.7 pKi 73 ⤷ pKi 8.7 (Ki 2.14x10-9 M) [73] cebranopadol Rn Agonist 8.6 pKi 87 ⤷ pKi 8.6 (Ki 2.4x10-9 M) [87] Description: Radioligand binding assay dynorphin B {Sp: Human, Mouse, Rat} Hs Full agonist 8.5 pKi 153 ⤷ pKi 8.5 [153] endomorphin-2 {Sp: Human} Rn Full agonist 8.5 pKi 176 ⤷ pKi 8.5 (Ki 3.24x10-9 M) [176] (-)-pentazocine Hs Partial agonist 8.4 pKi 153 ⤷ pKi 8.4 [153] dynorphin A-(1-8) {Sp: Human, Mouse, Rat} Hs Full agonist 8.4 pKi 153 ⤷ pKi 8.4 [153] dynorphin A-(1-13) {Sp: Human, Mouse, Rat} Hs Full agonist 8.3 pKi 153 ⤷ pKi 8.3 [153] endomorphin-1 {Sp: Human} Hs Full agonist 8.3 pKi 53,176 ⤷ pKi 8.3 (Ki 5.01x10-9 M) [53,176] DSLET Hs Full agonist 8.2 pKi 153 ⤷ pKi 8.2 [153] PL017 Hs Full agonist 8.2 pKi 22,153 ⤷ pKi 8.2 [22,153] [Leu]enkephalin {Sp: Human, Mouse, Rat} Hs Partial agonist 8.1 pKi 153 ⤷ pKi 8.1 [153] dynorphin A {Sp: Human, Mouse, Rat} Hs Full agonist 8.1 pKi 153 ⤷ pKi 8.1 [153] UFP-512 Hs Agonist 8.0 pKi 161 ⤷ pKi 8.0 [161] Description: Measuring displacement of [3H]-diprenorphine in vitro morphine Rn Partial agonist 7.9 pKi 131 ⤷ pKi 7.9 [131] BW373U86 Rn Agonist 7.8 pKi 21 ⤷ pKi 7.8 (Ki 1.5x10-8 M) [21] UFP-505 Hs Agonist 7.8 pKi 37-38 ⤷ pKi 7.8 [37-38] ADL5747 Hs Agonist 7.7 pKi 83 ⤷ pKi 7.7 (Ki 1.8x10-8 M) [83] ADL5859 Hs Agonist 7.5 pKi 82 ⤷ pKi 7.5 (Ki 3.2x10-8 M) [82] SCH221510 Hs Agonist 7.2 pKi 160 ⤷ pKi 7.2 (Ki 6.5x10-8 M) [160] Description: Radioligand binding assay SR16835 Hs Agonist 7.1 pKi 154 ⤷ pKi 7.1 (Ki 7.99x10-8 M) [154] Description: Radioligand binding assay codeine Hs Full agonist 6.9 pKi 153 ⤷ pKi 6.9 [153] tapentadol Hs Agonist 6.8 pKi 156 ⤷ pKi 6.8 (Ki 1.6x10-7 M) [156] oxycodegol Hs Agonist 6.6 pKi 107 ⤷ pKi 6.6 (Ki 2.37x10-7 M) [107] Description: Competitive membrane binding assay measuring displacement [3H]naloxone from human μ receptors expressed by CHO cells. BW373U86 Hs Agonist 6.6 pKi 82 ⤷ pKi 6.6 (Ki 2.6x10-7 M) [82] HS665 Hs Agonist 6.3 pKi 144 ⤷ pKi 6.3 (Ki 5.42x10-7 M) [144] compound 3 [PMID: 23134120] Hs Agonist 6.1 pKi 144 ⤷ pKi 6.1 (Ki 8.26x10-7 M) [144] tramadol Hs Agonist 5.8 pKi 168 ⤷ pKi 5.8 (Ki 1.6x10-6 M) [168] Description: Displacement of the mu aginist peptide DAMGO from the mu receptor expressed in CHO cells. PZM21 Hs Biased agonist 8.3 pEC50 93 ⤷ pEC50 8.3 (EC50 4.6x10-9 M) [93] Description: In a Gi/o activation assay. levorphanol Hs Agonist 9.9 pIC50 59 ⤷ pIC50 9.9 (IC50 1.3x10-10 M) [59] BU72 Cp Agonist 9.8 pIC50 64 ⤷ pIC50 9.8 (IC50 1.5x10-10 M) [64] Description: Measuring displacement of [3H]DAMGO from brain membranes isolated from Hartley guinea pigs. methadone Hs Agonist 8.4 pIC50 129 ⤷ pIC50 8.4 (IC50 4.1x10-9 M) [129] Description: Binding affinity against μ-opioid receptor (human) using [3H]DAMGO radioligand. pethidine Hs Agonist 6.5 pIC50 129 ⤷ pIC50 6.5 (IC50 3.15x10-7 M) [129] AR-M1000390 Hs Agonist 5.4 pIC50 4 ⤷ pIC50 5.4 (IC50 3.8x10-6 M) [4] [3H]PL017 Rn Agonist - - 60 ⤷ [60] U-47700 Rn Agonist - - 26 ⤷ [26]
View species-specific agonist tables
Agonist Comments
Discrimination of full or partial agonism is very dependent on the level of receptor expression and on the assay used to monitor agonist effects. Many agents may behave as full agonists or potent partial agonists in cell lines expressing cloned receptors in high concentration, but in other environments they may show only weak agonist activity. The identification of agonist activity in the table is largely based on the ability to stimulate GTPγ35S binding in cell lines expressing cloned human μ receptors. Agents giving 85% or greater stimulation than that given by DAMGO have been characterized as Full Agonists [153]. It is still unclear whether endomorphins are endogenous. Morphine occurs endogenously [128]. We have tagged the μ receptor as the primary drug target for hydrocodone based on this drug having the highest affinity at this receptor compared to the κ and δ receptors [118]. Similarly, we have tagged the μ receptor as the primary target of hydromorphone [168]. Methadone is selective for the μ receptor: comparable IC50s at the κ and δ receptors are 512 and 1090nM respectively [129]. [11C]carfentanil (PubChem CID 449698) binds the human μ receptor with a Ki of 0.07 nM, in a [3H]DAMGO displacement assay [61].

Antagonists
Key to terms and symbols	View all chemical structures	Click column headers to sort
Ligand Sp. Action Value Parameter Reference [3H]diprenorphine Mm Antagonist 10.1 pKd 131 ⤷ pKd 10.1 (Kd 7.94x10-11 M) [131] [3H]naloxone Rn Antagonist 8.6 – 9.0 pKd 120 ⤷ pKd 8.6 – 9.0 (Kd 2.8x10-9 – 1x10-9 M) [120] Description: CHO and BHK cell lines stably expressing the rat μ receptor naloxonazine Mm Antagonist 10.3 pKi 131 ⤷ pKi 10.3 [131] samidorphan Hs Antagonist 10.3 pKi 169 ⤷ pKi 10.3 (Ki 5.2x10-11 M) [169] diprenorphine Mm Antagonist 10.1 pKi 131 ⤷ pKi 10.1 [131] quadazocine Hs Antagonist 10.0 pKi 153 ⤷ pKi 10.0 [153] (-)-bremazocine Hs Antagonist 9.7 pKi 153 ⤷ pKi 9.7 [153] CTOP Hs Antagonist 9.7 pKi 131 ⤷ pKi 9.7 [131] nalmefene Hs Antagonist 9.5 pKi 153 ⤷ pKi 9.5 [153] β-FNA Hs Antagonist 9.5 pKi 153 ⤷ pKi 9.5 [153] β-FNA Mm Antagonist 9.5 pKi 131 ⤷ pKi 9.5 [131] NFP Hs Antagonist 9.4 pKi 179 ⤷ pKi 9.4 (Ki 3.6x10-10 M) [179] Description: In a competitive radioligand membrane binding assay measuring displacement of [3H]naloxone by NFP from μ receptor expressed in CHO cells. naltrexone Hs Antagonist 9.1 – 9.7 pKi 72,153 ⤷ pKi 9.1 – 9.7 (Ki 7.1x10-10 – 1.99x10-10 M) [72,153] GSK1521498 Hs Antagonist 9.4 pKi 72 ⤷ pKi 9.4 (Ki 4.17x10-10 M) [72] alvimopan Hs Antagonist 9.3 pKi 81 ⤷ pKi 9.3 (Ki 4.7x10-10 M) [81] diprenorphine Hs Antagonist 9.1 pKi 153 ⤷ pKi 9.1 [153] levallorphan Hs Antagonist 8.8 – 9.3 pKi 91 ⤷ pKi 8.8 – 9.3 (Ki 1.69x10-9 – 4.8x10-10 M) [91] Description: Competition binding assay- the calculated Ki varies depending on the radioligand used. naloxone Mm Antagonist 9.0 pKi 131 ⤷ pKi 9.0 [131] naldemedine Hs Antagonist 8.9 pKi 66 ⤷ pKi 8.9 (Ki 1.13x10-9 M) [66] nalorphine Hs Antagonist 8.9 pKi 153 ⤷ pKi 8.9 [153] naloxone Hs Antagonist 8.9 pKi 153 ⤷ pKi 8.9 [153] BNTX Hs Antagonist 8.8 pKi 153 ⤷ pKi 8.8 [153] AT-076 Hs Antagonist 8.8 pKi 153,178 ⤷ pKi 8.8 (Ki 1.67x10-9 M) [153,178] Description: Radioligand binding assay methylnaltrexone Hs Antagonist 8.7 pKi 168 ⤷ pKi 8.7 (Ki 2x10-9 M) [168] Description: Displacement of [3H]DAMGO from human μ opioid receptors expressed in CHO cells CTAP Hs Antagonist 8.6 pKi 22,153 ⤷ pKi 8.6 [22,153] naloxone benzoylhydrazone Hs Antagonist 8.2 – 8.7 pKi 153 ⤷ pKi 8.7 [153] pKi 8.2 [153] naltrindole Hs Antagonist 8.2 pKi 153 ⤷ pKi 8.2 [153] naltriben Hs Antagonist 7.9 pKi 153 ⤷ pKi 7.9 [153] nor-binaltorphimine Hs Antagonist 7.7 pKi 153 ⤷ pKi 7.7 [153] LY2456302 Hs Antagonist 7.6 pKi 133 ⤷ pKi 7.6 (Ki 2.4x10-8 M) [133] zyklophin Hs Antagonist 5.2 pKi 122 ⤷ pKi 5.2 (Ki 5.88x10-6 M) [122] BTRX-335140 Hs Antagonist 7.0 pIC50 54 ⤷ pIC50 7.0 (IC50 1.1x10-7 M) [54]
View species-specific antagonist tables
Antagonist Comments
β-FNA is an electrophilic affinity label. The pKi reflects both the reversible and irreversible binding components. CTOP is a good somatostatin receptor (sst receptor) agonist in addition to having antagonist activity at μ opioid receptors; it should never be used in studies of μ receptor function in situations where sst receptors may be involved. CTAP does not activate sst receptors [30]. The μ receptor is tagged as the primary target for the drug levallorphan, since the drug is mainly used for its antagonistic actions as an antidote to opioid overdose. Note that this drug also acts as a partial agonist at the κ receptor.

Allosteric Modulators
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Ligand Sp. Action Value Parameter Reference BMS-986123 Hs Neutral 6.0 pKB 18 ⤷ pKB 6.0 (KB 1x10-6 M) [18] BMS-986121 Hs Positive 5.7 pKB 18 ⤷ pKB 5.7 (KB 2x10-6 M) [18] BMS-986124 Hs Neutral 5.7 pKB 18 ⤷ pKB 5.7 (KB 2x10-6 M) [18] BMS-986122 Hs Positive 5.3 pKB 18 ⤷ pKB 5.3 (KB 5x10-6 M) [18] BMS-986187 Rn Positive 7.2 pKi 88 ⤷ pKi 7.2 (Ki 6.3x10-8 M) In the presence of 10 μM BMS-986187, the affinity of the μ-OR agonist DAMGO was enhanced 11-fold from 724 nM to 63 nM. [88] BMS-986121 Hs Positive 6.0 pEC50 18 ⤷ pEC50 6.0 (EC50 1x10-6 M) [18] BMS-986122 Hs Positive 5.5 pEC50 18 ⤷ pEC50 5.5 (EC50 3x10-6 M) [18]
View species-specific allosteric modulator tables
Allosteric Modulator Comments
BMS-986123 and BMS-986124 are Silent Allosteric Modulators (SAMs). These compounds neither potentiate nor inhibit the actions of an orthosteric agonist, however they block the actions of the Positive Allosteric Modulators (PAMs). A number of proteins such as G protein-coupled receptor kinases, β-arrestins and G proteins clearly regulate μ opioid receptor affinities and function. In addition sodium and guanyl nucleotides can modify the functional μ receptor complex and G protein interaction. Also, μ receptors are reported to form heterodimers with other receptors of the OP family or with non-opioid G protein-coupled receptors. Heterodimerisation may alter μ receptor function and/or trafficking [48,52,123].

Other Binding Ligands
Key to terms and symbols		Click column headers to sort
Ligand Sp. Action Value Parameter Reference compound 16 [PMID: 31498617] Hs Binding 5.4 pKi 130 ⤷ pKi 5.4 (Ki 3.73x10-6 M) [130] Description: Receptor binding in a radioligand displacement assay using [3H]DAMGO as tracer.

Immuno Process Associations

Immuno Process:  Cytokine production & signalling GO Annotations:  Associated to 1 GO processes GO:0019221 cytokine-mediated signaling pathway TAS

Immuno Process:  Inflammation GO Annotations:  Associated to 1 GO processes, IEA only click arrow to show/hide IEA associations GO:0002438 acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus IEA

Primary Transduction Mechanisms
Transducer	Effector/Response
Gi/Go family	Adenylate cyclase stimulation Adenylate cyclase inhibition Phospholipase C stimulation Potassium channel Calcium channel Phospholipase A2 stimulation Phospholipase D stimulation Other - See Comments
Comments:  The following systems have also been reported to be activated following Gi/Go activation via the μ receptor: Epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation and subsequent mitogen activated protein kinase ERK [11,86] Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) expression and activity [42,70,141] Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) [175] Focal adhesion kinase [94] Nuclear Ca2+/calmodulin translocation [163] Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase expression and activity [70,116].
References:  6,16,19-20,33,45,62,75,106,109,115,119,126-127,132,157,173

Secondary Transduction Mechanisms
Transducer	Effector/Response
Gq/G11 family	Phospholipase C stimulation
Comments:  G16 couples to the μ opioid receptor and activates PLC.
References:  63,84

Tissue Distribution
Immune cells: CEM x174 T/B lymphocytes, Raji B cells, CD4+, monocytes/macrophages, neutrophils. Species:  Human Technique:  RT-PCR. References:  31
Skin: dermal and epidermal nerve fibers. Species:  Human Technique:  Immunohistochemistry. References:  145
Pregnant uterus. Species:  Mouse Technique:  in situ hybridisation. References:  180
CNS: caudate putamen, nucleus accumbens, endopiriform nucleus, fundus striati, habenula, amygdaloid nuclei, thalamus, hypothalamus, zona incerta, ventral tegmental area, interpeduncular nucleus, central gray, dentate gyrus, substantia nigra, the superior colliculus. Species:  Mouse Technique:  Radioligand binding. References:  74
Gastrointestinal tract. Species:  Rat Technique:  Immunohistochemistry. References:  7
CNS: superficial layers of the dorsal horn. Species:  Rat Technique:  immunocytochemistry. References:  28-29
CNS: striatum, medial habenular nucleus, medial terminal nucleus of the accessory optic tract, interpeduncular nucleus, median raphe nucleus, parabrachial nuclei, locus coeruleus, ambiguous nucleus, nucleus of the solitary tract, and laminae I and II of the medullary and spinal dorsal horns, cerebral cortex, amygdala, thalamus, and hypothalamus. Species:  Rat Technique:  Immunohistochemistry. References:  39
CNS: striatum, layers I and III of the cortex, the pyramidal cell layer of the hippocampal formation, specific nuclei of the thalamus, the pars reticulata of the substantia nigra, the interpeduncular nucleus, and the locus coeruleus. Species:  Rat Technique:  Radioligand binding. References:  148
Accessory optic tract. Species:  Rat Technique:  Immunohistochemistry. References:  41
CNS: superficial layers of the medullary and spinal dorsal horns. Colocalisation with substance P. Species:  Rat Technique:  immunocytochemistry. References:  40,85
CNS: caudate putamen. Species:  Rat Technique:  immunocytochemistry. References:  71,164
CNS: superficial layers of the spinal cord dorsal horn, nucleus caudalis of the spinal tract of the trigeminal, nucleus of the solitary tract, nucleus ambiguous, locus coeruleus, interpeduncular nucleus, lateral habenular nucleus, caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area, thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdaloid nuclei, nucleus accumbens, cerebral cortex, septum and diagonal band, preoptic area, medial thalamic and habenular nuclei, locus coeruleus, nucleus ambiguous, trigeminal nucleus caudalis, spinal cord substantia gelatinosa zones. Species:  Rat Technique:  Immunohistochemistry. References:  112
CNS: Purkinje cells and granular and molecular layers of the fetal, neonatal and adult cerebellum. Species:  Rat Technique:  Immunohistochemistry. References:  113
CNS: anterior cingulate cortex, neocortex, amygdala, hippocampus, ventral dentate gyrus, presubiculum, nucleus accumbens, caudate putamen, thalamus, habenula, interpeduncular nucleus, pars compacta of the substantia nigra, superior and inferior colliculi, raphe nuclei. Species:  Rat Technique:  Radioligand binding. References:  98
CNS: nucleus accumbens (plasma membranes: extrasynaptic neuronal > glial) Species:  Rat Technique:  immunocytochemistry. References:  146
CNS: nucleus accumbens (plasma membranes of GABAergic neurons). Species:  Rat Technique:  immunocytochemistry. References:  147
CNS: locus coeruleus (noradrenergic perikarya and dendrites). Species:  Rat Technique:  immunocytochemistry. References:  158-159
CNS: accessory olfactory bulb, striatal patches and streaks, amygdaloid nuclei, ventral hippocampal subiculum and dentate gyrus, numerous thalamic nuclei, geniculate bodies, central grey, superior and inferior colliculi, solitary and pontine nuclei and substantia nigra. Species:  Rat Technique:  Radioligand binding. References:  139
CNS: thalamus, striosomes of the caudate-putamen, globus pallidus, cerebral cortex. Species:  Rat Technique:  in situ hybridisation. References:  36
CNS: thalamic, brainstem and reticular core nuclei (highest in the habenular and thalamic nuclei). Species:  Rat Technique:  in situ hybridisation. References:  49
CNS: accessory olfactory bulb, anterior olfactory nuclei, striatal patches of the nucleus accumbens and caudate-putamen, endopiriform nucleus, claustrum, diagonal band of Broca, globus pallidus, ventral pallidum, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, most thalamic nuclei, medial and posteriocortical medial amygdala, lateral, dorsomedial, posterior and mammillary nuclei of the hypothalamus, presubiculum, subiculum, rostral interpeduncular nucleus, median raphe, inferior colliculus, parabrachial nucleus, locus coeruleus, central grey, nucleus ambiguus, nucleus of the solitary tract, nucleus gracilis, nucleus cuneatus, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus. Species:  Rat Technique:  In situ hybridisation and radioligand binding. References:  97
CNS: thalamus, striatum, hypothalamus and pons-medulla > hippocampus and midbrain > cerebral cortex and cerebellum. Species:  Rat Technique:  Northern blotting. References:  105
CNS: olfactory bulb, caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens, lateral and medial septum, diagonal band of Broca, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, most thalamic nuclei, hippocampus, amygdala, medial preoptic area, superior and inferior colliculi, central gray, dorsal and median raphe, raphe magnus, locus coeruleus, parabrachial nucleus, pontine and medullary reticular nuclei, nucleus ambiguus, nucleus of the solitary tract, nucleus gracilis and cuneatus, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus, spinal cord, dorsal root ganglia. Species:  Rat