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CD molecules C
Unless otherwise stated all data on this page refer to the human proteins. Gene information is provided for human (Hs), mouse (Mm) and rat (Rn).
Overview
Cluster of differentiation refers to an attempt to catalogue systematically a series of over 300 cell-surface proteins associated with immunotyping. Many members of the group have identified functions as enzymes (for example, see CD73 ecto-5'-nucleotidase) or receptors (for example, see CD41 integrin, alpha 2b subunit). Many CDs are targeted for therapeutic gain using antibodies for the treatment of proliferative disorders. A full listing of all the Clusters of Differentiation proteins is not possible in the Guide to PHARMACOLOGY; listed herein are selected members of the family targeted for therapeutic gain.
Targets
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CD1d molecule
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CD2
C
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CD3e
C
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CD4
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CD6
C
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CD14 molecule
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Fc fragment of IgG receptor IIIa / CD16A
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CD19
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CD20 (membrane-spanning 4-domains, subfamily A, member 1)
C
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SIGLEC2 (CD22)
C
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CD24 molecule
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CD28
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SIGLEC3 (CD33)
C
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CD36 molecule (CD36 blood group)
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CD37 (CD37 molecule)
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CD38
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CD47
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CD52
C
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CD55 molecule (Cromer blood group) Show summary »« Hide summary
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NCAM1 (neural cell adhesion molecule 1 (CD56))
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selectin P (CD62)
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selectin E (CD62E) Show summary »« Hide summary
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CD66e (CEACAM5)
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transferrin receptor (CD71) Show summary »« Hide summary
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CD74
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CD79B
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CD80
C
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LILRB1 (leukocyte immunoglobulin like receptor B1 (CD85j))
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LILRA4 (leukocyte immunoglobulin like receptor A4 (CD85g))
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CD86
C
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FcαRI (Fc fragment of IgA receptor / CD89)
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semaphorin 4D (CD100)
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endoglin (CD105)
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basigin (Ok blood group) / CD147
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CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CD152))
C
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KIR3DL2 (CD158K)
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NKG2A (killer cell lectin like receptor C1 (CD159a) / CD159a)
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KLRC2 (killer cell lectin like receptor C2 (CD159c) / CD159c) Show summary »« Hide summary
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SIRPA (CD172a)
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LAG3 (CD223) / CD223
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CD226 molecule Show summary »« Hide summary
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T-cell surface glycoprotein CD3 zeta chain (CD247)
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B7-H3 (CD276)
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ICOS (CD278)
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PD-1 (programmed cell death 1 (CD279))
C
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CD300a
C
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LAIR1 (leukocyte associated immunoglobulin like receptor 1 (CD305))
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CS1 (CD319)
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NKp30 (Natural cytotoxicity triggering receptor 3 (CD337))
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TIM3 (CD366)
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Further reading
* Key recommended reading is highlighted with an asterisk
* Bewersdorf JP, Shallis RM, Zeidan AM. (2021) Immune checkpoint inhibition in myeloid malignancies: Moving beyond the PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 pathways. Blood Rev, 45: 100709. [PMID:32487480]
* Chi Z, Lu Y, Yang Y, Li B, Lu P. (2021) Transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of PD-1 expression. Cell Mol Life Sci, 78 (7): 3239-3246. [PMID:33738533]
* Gabius HJ, Kaltner H, Kopitz J, André S. (2015) The glycobiology of the CD system: a dictionary for translating marker designations into glycan/lectin structure and function. Trends Biochem Sci, 40 (7): 360-76. [PMID:25981696]
* Huang MY, Jiang XM, Wang BL, Sun Y, Lu JJ. (2021) Combination therapy with PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in non-small cell lung cancer: strategies and mechanisms. Pharmacol Ther, 219: 107694. [PMID:32980443]
* Peng Z, Li M, Li H, Gao Q. (2023) PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint blockade in ovarian cancer: Dilemmas and opportunities. Drug Discov Today, 28 (8): 103666. [PMID:37302543]
* Vosoughi T, Bagheri M, Hosseinzadeh M, Ehsanpour A, Davari N, Saki N. (2019) CD markers variations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: New insights into prognosis. J Cell Physiol, 234 (11): 19420-19439. [PMID:31049958]
References
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2. Bernstein ID. (2000) Monoclonal antibodies to the myeloid stem cells: therapeutic implications of CMA-676, a humanized anti-CD33 antibody calicheamicin conjugate. Leukemia, 14 (3): 474-5. [PMID:10720144]
3. Bolt S, Routledge E, Lloyd I, Chatenoud L, Pope H, Gorman SD, Clark M, Waldmann H. (1993) The generation of a humanized, non-mitogenic CD3 monoclonal antibody which retains in vitro immunosuppressive properties. Eur J Immunol, 23 (2): 403-11. [PMID:8436176]
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16. Hall KT, Boumsell L, Schultze JL, Boussiotis VA, Dorfman DM, Cardoso AA, Bensussan A, Nadler LM, Freeman GJ. (1996) Human CD100, a novel leukocyte semaphorin that promotes B-cell aggregation and differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 93 (21): 11780-5. [PMID:8876214]
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18. Hanson DC, Neveu MJ, Mueller EE, Hanke JH, Gilman SC, Davis CG, Corvalan JR. (2004) Human monoclonal antibodies to CTLA-4. Patent number: US6682736 B1. Assignee: Abgenix, Inc., Pfizer Inc.. Priority date: 22/12/1998. Publication date: 27/01/2004.
19. Joller N, Anderson AC, Kuchroo VK. (2024) LAG-3, TIM-3, and TIGIT: Distinct functions in immune regulation. Immunity, 57 (2): 206-222. [PMID:38354701]
20. Klement JD, Redd PS, Lu C, Merting AD, Poschel DB, Yang D, Savage NM, Zhou G, Munn DH, Fallon PG et al.. (2023) Tumor PD-L1 engages myeloid PD-1 to suppress type I interferon to impair cytotoxic T lymphocyte recruitment. Cancer Cell, 41 (3): 620-636.e9. [PMID:36917954]
21. Kline J, Gajewski TF. (2010) Clinical development of mAbs to block the PD1 pathway as an immunotherapy for cancer. Curr Opin Investig Drugs, 11 (12): 1354-9. [PMID:21154117]
22. Korman AJ, Srinivasan M, Wang C, Selby MJ, Chen B, Cardarelli JM. (2006) Human monoclonal antibodies to programmed death 1(pd-1) and methods for treating cancer using anti-pd-1 antibodies alone or in combination with other immunotherapeutics. Patent number: WO2006121168. Assignee: Ono Pharmaceutical Co. Priority date: 09/05/2005. Publication date: 02/03/2015.
23. Latek R, Fleener C, Lamian V, Kulbokas 3rd E, Davis PM, Suchard SJ, Curran M, Vincenti F, Townsend R. (2009) Assessment of belatacept-mediated costimulation blockade through evaluation of CD80/86-receptor saturation. Transplantation, 87 (6): 926-33. [PMID:19300198]
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25. Li X, Liu S, Xie J, Liu L, Duan C, Yang L, Wang Y, Wu Y, Shan N, Zhang Y et al.. (2025) Salvianolic acid B improves the microcirculation in a mouse model of sepsis through a mechanism involving the platelet receptor CD226. Br J Pharmacol, 182 (4): 988-1004. [PMID:39443080]
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28. Liu Q. (2013) Fully human antibodies against human cd20. Patent number: WO2013007052. Assignee: Qingfa Liu. Priority date: 13/07/2011. Publication date: 17/01/2013.
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31. Paolini R, Molfetta R. (2023) CD155 and Its Receptors as Targets for Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci, 24 (16). [PMID:37629138]
32. Qian ZM, Li H, Sun H, Ho K. (2002) Targeted drug delivery via the transferrin receptor-mediated endocytosis pathway. Pharmacol Rev, 54 (4): 561-87. [PMID:12429868]
33. Reslan L, Dalle S, Herveau S, Perrial E, Dumontet C. (2014) Apoptotic induction by anti-CD20 antibodies in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: comparison of rituximab and obinutuzumab. Leuk Lymphoma, 55 (1): 188-90. [PMID:23537278]
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37. Sonoda H, Morimoto H, Yoden E, Koshimura Y, Kinoshita M, Golovina G, Takagi H, Yamamoto R, Minami K, Mizoguchi A et al.. (2018) A Blood-Brain-Barrier-Penetrating Anti-human Transferrin Receptor Antibody Fusion Protein for Neuronopathic Mucopolysaccharidosis II. Mol Ther, 26 (5): 1366-1374. [PMID:29606503]
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39. Suchard SJ, Davis PM, Kansal S, Stetsko DK, Brosius R, Tamura J, Schneeweis L, Bryson J, Salcedo T, Wang H et al.. (2013) A monovalent anti-human CD28 domain antibody antagonist: preclinical efficacy and safety. J Immunol, 191 (9): 4599-610. [PMID:24081989]
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44. Vietzen H, Zoufaly A, Traugott M, Aberle J, Aberle SW, Puchhammer-Stöckl E. (2021) Deletion of the NKG2C receptor encoding KLRC2 gene and HLA-E variants are risk factors for severe COVID-19. Genet Med, 23 (5): 963-967. [PMID:33500568]
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How to cite this family page
Database page citation:
CD molecules. Accessed on 03/07/2025. IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/FamilyDisplayForward?familyId=852.
Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY citation:
Alexander SPH, Kelly E, Mathie AA, Peters JA, Veale EL, Armstrong JF, Buneman OP, Faccenda E, Harding SD, Spedding M, Cidlowski JA, Fabbro D, Davenport AP, Striessnig J, Davies JA et al. (2023) The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2023/24: Introduction and Other Protein Targets. Br J Pharmacol. 180 Suppl 2:S1-22.
The endogenous ligands for human PD-1 are programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (CD274, Q9NZQ7) (PD-L1 aka CD274) and programmed cell death 1 ligand 2 (PD-L2; PDCD1LG2). These ligands are cell surface peptides, normally involved in immune system regulation. Expression of PD-1 by cancer cells induces immune tolerance and evasion of immune system attack [20]. Anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies are used to induce immune checkpoint blockade as a therapeutic intervention in cancer, effectively re-establishing immune vigilance. Pembrolizumab was the first anti-PD-1 antibody to be approved by the US FDA.