butyric acid   Click here for help

GtoPdb Ligand ID: 1059

Synonyms: butanoic acid | butyrate | C4
PDB Ligand Immunopharmacology Ligand
Compound class: Metabolite
Comment: Butyric acid (butyrate) inhibits class I and II HDACs [2,8].
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Ligand Activity Visualisation Charts

These are box plot that provide a unique visualisation, summarising all the activity data for a ligand taken from ChEMBL and GtoPdb across multiple targets and species. Click on a plot to see the median, interquartile range, low and high data points. A value of zero indicates that no data are available. A separate chart is created for each target, and where possible the algorithm tries to merge ChEMBL and GtoPdb targets by matching them on name and UniProt accession, for each available species. However, please note that inconsistency in naming of targets may lead to data for the same target being reported across multiple charts.

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View interactive charts of activity data across species
2D Structure
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2D Structure

An image of the ligand's 2D structure. For small molecules with SMILES these are drawn using the NCI/CADD Chemical Identifier Resolver. Click on the image to access the chemical structure search tool with the ligand pre-loaded in the structure editor. For other types of ligands, e.g. longer nucleotides and peptides, a manually drawn representation of the molecule may be provided.

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Physico-chemical Properties
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Physico-chemical Properties

Calculated molecular properties are available for small molecules and natural products (not peptides). Properties were generated using the Chemistry Development Kit (CDK) (Willighagen EL et al. Journal of Cheminformatics vol. 9:33. 2017, doi:10.1186/s13321-017-0220-4; https://cdk.github.io/). All properties were selected to enable the prediction of the Lipinski Rule-of-Five profile or ‘druglikeness’ for each ligand. For more info on each category see the help pages.

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Hydrogen bond acceptors 2
Hydrogen bond donors 1
Rotatable bonds 2
Topological polar surface area 37.3
Molecular weight 88.05
XLogP 0.74
No. Lipinski's rules broken 0

Generated using the Chemistry Development Kit (CDK) (Willighagen EL et al. Journal of Cheminformatics vol. 9:33. 2017, doi:10.1186/s13321-017-0220-4; https://cdk.github.io/)
SMILES / InChI / InChIKey
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SMILES / InChI / InChIKey

SMILES (Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry Specification) A specification for unambiguously describing the structure of chemical molecules using short ASCII strings. Canonical SMILES specify a unique representation of the 2D structure without chiral or isotopic specifications. Isomeric SMILES include chiral specification and isotopes.

Standard InChI (IUPAC International Chemical Identifier) and InChIKey InChI is a non-proprietary, standard, textual identifier for chemical substances designed to facilitate linking of information and database searching. An InChIKey is a simplified version of a full InChI, designed for easier web searching.

Generated using the Chemistry Development Kit (CDK) (Willighagen EL et al. Journal of Cheminformatics vol. 9:33. 2017, doi:10.1186/s13321-017-0220-4; https://cdk.github.io/)

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Canonical SMILES CCCC(=O)O
Isomeric SMILES CCCC(=O)O
InChI InChI=1S/C4H8O2/c1-2-3-4(5)6/h2-3H2,1H3,(H,5,6)
InChI Key FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Generated using the Chemistry Development Kit (CDK) (Willighagen EL et al. Journal of Cheminformatics vol. 9:33. 2017, doi:10.1186/s13321-017-0220-4; https://cdk.github.io/)
Bioactivity Comments
Butyric acid has high nM inhibitory action at class I HDACs, with IC50s ranging from 9000-16000 nM [2]. Inhibition of class II HDACs is even lower with IC50s greater than 2,000,000 nM[2].
Natural/Endogenous Targets
Target
FFA2 receptor
FFA3 receptor
HCA2 receptor
Transporters Moving this Compound Across a Lipid Membrane
Transporter EC number Reaction Reference
SMCT1
Fatty acid transport protein 1 5
Fatty acid transport protein 4 7
Selectivity at GPCRs
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Target Sp. Type Action Value Parameter Concentration range (M) Reference
FFA3 receptor Ligand is endogenous in the given species Hs Agonist Full agonist 3.8 – 4.9 pEC50 - 1,3,6,9
⤷ pEC50 3.8 – 4.9 [1,3,6,9]
FFA2 receptor Ligand is endogenous in the given species Hs Agonist Full agonist 2.9 – 4.6 pEC50 - 1,3-4,6
⤷ pEC50 2.9 – 4.6 [1,3-4,6]
HCA2 receptor Ligand is endogenous in the given species Hs Agonist Agonist 2.8 pEC50 -
⤷ pEC50 2.8
Selectivity at enzymes
Key to terms and symbols Click column headers to sort
Target Sp. Type Action Value Parameter Concentration range (M) Reference
histone deacetylase 3 Hs Inhibitor Inhibition 5.1 pIC50 - 2
⤷ pIC50 5.1 (IC50 9x10-6 M) [2]
histone deacetylase 2 Hs Inhibitor Inhibition 4.9 pIC50 - 2
⤷ pIC50 4.9 (IC50 1.2x10-5 M) [2]
histone deacetylase 8 Hs Inhibitor Inhibition 4.8 pIC50 - 2
⤷ pIC50 4.8 (IC50 1.5x10-5 M) [2]
histone deacetylase 1 Hs Inhibitor Inhibition 4.8 pIC50 - 2
⤷ pIC50 4.8 (IC50 1.6x10-5 M) [2]
Additional information and targets (data relate to human unless otherwise stated)
Description Data Reference
Endogenous substrates at Fatty acid transport protein 4 palmitic acid > oleic acid > butyric acid, γ-linolenic acid > arachidonic acid 7
Endogenous substrates at Fatty acid transport protein 1 arachidonic acid > palmitic acid > oleic acid > butyric acid 5
Potency order of endogenous ligands at HCA2 receptor β-D-hydroxybutyric acid > butyric acid
Ligand mentioned in the following text fields
Free fatty acid receptors overview
Sodium iodide symporter, sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter and sodium-coupled monocarboxylate transporters overview