D<sub>4</sub> receptor | Dopamine receptors | IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY

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D4 receptor

Target not currently curated in GtoImmuPdb

Target id: 217

Nomenclature: D4 receptor

Family: Dopamine receptors

Annotation status:  image of a green circle Annotated and expert reviewed. Please contact us if you can help with updates.  » Email us

Contents:

Gene and Protein Information
class A G protein-coupled receptor
Species TM AA Chromosomal Location Gene Symbol Gene Name Reference
Human 7 467 11p15.5 DRD4 dopamine receptor D4 74
Mouse 7 387 7 F5 Drd4 dopamine receptor D4 41
Rat 7 387 1q41 Drd4 dopamine receptor D4 17
Previous and Unofficial Names
d(2C) dopamine receptor | dopamine receptor 4 | D4R
Database Links
Specialist databases
GPCRDB drd4_human (Hs), drd4_mouse (Mm), drd4_rat (Rn)
Other databases
ChEMBL Target CHEMBL219 (Hs), CHEMBL2574 (Mm), CHEMBL3361 (Rn)
DrugBank Target P21917 (Hs)
Ensembl Gene ENSG00000069696 (Hs), ENSMUSG00000025496 (Mm), ENSRNOG00000017927 (Rn)
Entrez Gene 1815 (Hs), 13491 (Mm), 25432 (Rn)
Human Protein Atlas ENSG00000069696 (Hs)
KEGG Gene hsa:1815 (Hs), mmu:13491 (Mm), rno:25432 (Rn)
OMIM 126452 (Hs)
Pharos P21917 (Hs)
RefSeq Nucleotide NM_000797 (Hs), NM_007878 (Mm), NM_012944 (Rn)
RefSeq Protein NP_000788 (Hs), NP_031904 (Mm), NP_037076 (Rn)
UniProtKB P21917 (Hs), P51436 (Mm), P30729 (Rn)
Wikipedia DRD4 (Hs)
Selected 3D Structures
Image of receptor 3D structure from RCSB PDB
Description:  Structure of the human D4 Dopamine receptor in complex with Nemonapride
PDB Id:  5WIU
Ligand:  nemonapride
Resolution:  1.96Å
Species:  Human
References:  77
Image of receptor 3D structure from RCSB PDB
Description:  Structure of the sodium-bound human D4 Dopamine receptor in complex with Nemonapride
PDB Id:  5WIV
Ligand:  nemonapride
Resolution:  2.14Å
Species:  Human
References:  77
Natural/Endogenous Ligands
dopamine

Download all structure-activity data for this target as a CSV file

Agonists
Key to terms and symbols View all chemical structures Click column headers to sort
Ligand Sp. Action Value Parameter Reference
CP-226269 Rn Partial agonist 9.4 pKi 26
⤷ pKi 9.4 [26]
FAUC213 Rn Partial agonist 9.0 pKi 26
⤷ pKi 9.0 [26]
PD168,077 Rn Partial agonist 8.8 pKi 26
⤷ pKi 8.8 (Ki 1.58x10-9 M) [26]
apomorphine Hs Partial agonist 8.4 pKi 36
⤷ pKi 8.4 [36]
lisuride Hs Partial agonist 8.3 pKi 36
⤷ pKi 8.3 [36]
roxindole Hs Partial agonist 8.2 pKi 36
⤷ pKi 8.2 [36]
A412997 Rn Agonist 8.1 pKi 37
⤷ pKi 8.1 (Ki 7.9x10-9 M) [37]
A412997 Hs Full agonist 8.1 pKi 37
⤷ pKi 8.1 (Ki 7.9x10-9 M) [37]
WAY-100635 Hs Full agonist 7.8 pKi 1
⤷ pKi 7.8 (Ki 1.6x10-8 M) [1]
dopamine Hs Full agonist 7.6 pKi 74
⤷ pKi 7.6 [74]
quinpirole Hs Full agonist 7.5 pKi 36,44,74
⤷ pKi 7.5 [36,44,74]
dopamine Rn Full agonist 7.4 pKi 53
⤷ pKi 7.4 [53]
cabergoline Hs Partial agonist 7.3 pKi 36
⤷ pKi 7.3 [36]
rotigotine Hs Agonist 7.3 pKi 76
⤷ pKi 7.3 (Ki 5.5x10-8 M) [76]
pergolide Hs Partial agonist 7.2 pKi 36
⤷ pKi 7.2 [36]
fenoldopam Hs Full agonist 6.5 pKi 74
⤷ pKi 6.5 [74]
ABT-670 Hs Full agonist 5.8 pKi 42
⤷ pKi 5.8 (Ki 1.445x10-6 M) [42]
PF-592379 Hs Agonist 5.4 pIC50 12
⤷ pIC50 5.4 (IC50 4.165x10-6 M) [12]
View species-specific agonist tables
Antagonists
Key to terms and symbols View all chemical structures Click column headers to sort
Ligand Sp. Action Value Parameter Reference
nemonapride Hs Antagonist 10.0 pKd 59
⤷ pKd 10.0 [59]
[125I]L750667 Hs Antagonist 9.8 pKd 44
⤷ pKd 9.8 (Kd 1.6x10-10 M) [44]
[3H]spiperone Hs Antagonist 9.5 pKd 24,74
⤷ pKd 9.5 (Kd 3x10-10 M) [24,74]
[3H]NGD941 Hs Antagonist 8.3 pKd 47
⤷ pKd 8.3 (Kd 5x10-9 M) [47]
benperidol Hs Antagonist 10.2 pKi 60
⤷ pKi 10.2 (Ki 6.6x10-11 M) [60]
perospirone Hs Antagonist 10.1 pKi 60
⤷ pKi 10.1 (Ki 9x10-11 M) [60]
L-750,667 Rn Antagonist 10.0 pKi 53
⤷ pKi 10.0 [53]
RBI257 Rn Antagonist 9.6 pKi 26
⤷ pKi 9.6 [26]
[3H]N-methylspiperone Rn Antagonist 9.5 pKi 53
⤷ pKi 9.5 [53]
CP-293019 Rn Antagonist 9.5 pKi 26
⤷ pKi 9.5 [26]
NGD 94-1 Rn Antagonist 9.5 pKi 26
⤷ pKi 9.5 [26]
L745870 Hs Antagonist 9.4 pKi 28
⤷ pKi 9.4 (Ki 3.9x10-10 M) [28]
spiperone Hs Antagonist 9.3 pKi 14
⤷ pKi 9.3 [14]
FAUC213 Rn Antagonist 9.0 pKi 26
⤷ pKi 9.0 [26]
sonepiprazole Hs Antagonist 8.9 pKi 54
⤷ pKi 8.9 (Ki 1.4x10-9 M) [54]
U101958 Hs Antagonist 8.9 pKi 54
⤷ pKi 8.9 (Ki 1.4x10-9 M) [54]
A-381393 Hs Antagonist 8.8 pKi 39
⤷ pKi 8.8 (Ki 1.5x10-9 M) [39]
haloperidol Hs Antagonist 8.7 – 8.8 pKi 29,61,73
⤷ pKi 8.7 – 8.8 [29,61,73]
sonepiprazole Rn Antagonist 8.7 pKi 26
⤷ pKi 8.7 [26]
L741742 Hs Antagonist 8.5 pKi 51
⤷ pKi 8.5 (Ki 3.16x10-9 M) [51]
sertindole Hs Antagonist 7.8 – 9.1 pKi 7,57-58,60
⤷ pKi 7.8 – 9.1 (Ki 1.6x10-8 – 8.5x10-10 M) [7,57-58,60]
loxapine Hs Antagonist 8.1 pKi 58
⤷ pKi 8.1 (Ki 7.8x10-9 M) [58]
terguride Hs Antagonist 8.1 pKi 36
⤷ pKi 8.1 [36]
chlorpromazine Hs Antagonist 7.8 pKi 29
⤷ pKi 7.8 [29]
Ro 10-4548 Rn Antagonist 7.8 pKi 26
⤷ pKi 7.8 [26]
clozapine Hs Antagonist 7.5 pKi 29
⤷ pKi 7.5 [29]
ML398 Hs Antagonist 7.4 pKi 6
⤷ pKi 7.4 (Ki 3.6x10-8 M) [6]
zotepine Hs Antagonist 7.4 pKi 56
⤷ pKi 7.4 (Ki 3.9x10-8 M) [56]
trifluoperazine Hs Antagonist 7.4 pKi 58
⤷ pKi 7.4 (Ki 4.4x10-8 M) [58]
aripiprazole Rn Antagonist 7.3 pKi 53
⤷ pKi 7.3 [53]
eticlopride Hs Antagonist 7.0 pKi 14
⤷ pKi 7.0 [14]
(-)-sulpiride Hs Antagonist 5.7 – 7.7 pKi 44,70
⤷ pKi 5.7 – 7.7 (Ki 1.9x10-6 – 2x10-8 M) [44,70]
piribedil Hs Antagonist 6.5 pKi 36
⤷ pKi 6.5 [36]
bromocriptine Hs Antagonist 6.4 pKi 36
⤷ pKi 6.4 [36]
nafadotride Rn Antagonist 6.4 pKi 53
⤷ pKi 6.4 [53]
(+)-butaclamol Hs Antagonist 6.3 pKi 44
⤷ pKi 6.3 [44]
prochlorperazine Hs Antagonist 6.1 pKi 3
⤷ pKi 6.1 (Ki 8.1x10-7 M) [3]
raclopride Rn Antagonist 5.7 pKi 53
⤷ pKi 5.7 [53]
(+)-sulpiride Hs Antagonist 5.7 pKi 44
⤷ pKi 5.7 (Ki 2.2x10-6 M) [44]
View species-specific antagonist tables
Immuno Process Associations
Immuno Process:  Antigen presentation
GO Annotations:  Associated to 1 GO processes, IEA only
click arrow to show/hide IEA associations
GO:0099149 regulation of postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptor internalization IEA
Primary Transduction Mechanisms
Transducer Effector/Response
Gi/Go family Adenylate cyclase inhibition
References:  45
Tissue Distribution
Brain: Occipital lobe, cerebellum, hippocampus, middle frontal gyrus of temporal lobe, middle frontal gyrus of frontal lobe, cingulate gyrus of frontal lobe, amygdala > superior temporal gyrus of temporal lobe, superior frontal gyrus of frontal lobe, thalamus, septal nuclei, hypothalamus > substantia nigra, caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, superior parietal lobe.
Species:  Human
Technique:  RT-PCR
References:  38
Brain: Pre-frontal cortex, temporal neocortex > occipital cortex.
Species:  Human
Technique:  in situ hybridization.
References:  34
Aortic endothelium, umbilical vein endothelium.
Species:  Human
Technique:  RT-PCR
References:  80
Pulmonary artery.
Species:  Human
Technique:  Western Blot and Immunohistochemistry.
References:  48
Brain (especially cerebellum), eye, adrenal gland, testes, superior cervical ganglion, submaxillary gland, pancreas.
Species:  Mouse
Technique:  RT-PCR
References:  67
Retina, photoreceptor cell layer and inner nuclear and ganglion cell layers.
Species:  Mouse
Technique:  RT-PCR and in situ hybridization.
References:  11
Motor, somatosensory, visual, auditory, temporal association, cingulate, retrosplenial and granular insular cortices.
Species:  Rat
Technique:  Immunohistochemistry.
References:  49
Kidney: Cortical collecting duct.
Species:  Rat
Technique:  RT-PCR
References:  65
Striatum, substantia nigra pars reticulata, entopeduncular nucleus, globus pallidus.
Species:  Rat
Technique:  Immunohistochemistry.
References:  50
Nucleus accumbens shell.
Species:  Rat
Technique:  immunocytochemistry.
References:  68
Pineal gland.
Species:  Rat
Technique:  RT-PCR.
References:  25
Kidney: Cortex > inner medulla.
Species:  Rat
Technique:  Western Blot and Immunocytochemistry.
References:  63
Expression Datasets

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Log average relative transcript abundance in mouse tissues measured by qPCR from Regard, J.B., Sato, I.T., and Coughlin, S.R. (2008). Anatomical profiling of G protein-coupled receptor expression. Cell, 135(3): 561-71. [PMID:18984166] [Raw data: website]

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Functional Assays
Measurement of cAMP levels in HEK 293 cells transfected with the human D4 receptor.
Species:  Human
Tissue:  HEK 293 cells.
Response measured:  Inhibition of cAMP accumulation.
References:  8,18,32
Measurement of cAMP levels in CHO cells transfected with the human D4 receptor.
Species:  Human
Tissue:  CHO cells.
Response measured:  Inhibition of cAMP accumulation.
References:  2,10,30,43,62,69
Measurement of cAMP levels in COS-7 cells transfected with the human D4 receptor.
Species:  Human
Tissue:  COS-7 cells.
Response measured:  Inhibition of cAMP accumulation.
References:  2
Measurement of cAMP levels in Chinese hamster lung fibroblast CCL39 cells transfected with the rat D4 receptor.
Species:  Rat
Tissue:  Chinese hamster lung fibroblast CCL39 cells.
Response measured:  Inhibition of cAMP accumulation.
References:  20
Measurement of high-voltage Ca2+ current in cultured granule cells from neonatal rat cerebellum endogenously expressing the D4 receptor.
Species:  Rat
Tissue:  Granule cells.
Response measured:  Inhibition of L-type Ca2+ current.
References:  35
Measurement of mitogenesis in CHO cells transfected with the human D4 receptor.
Species:  Human
Tissue:  CHO cells.
Response measured:  Mitogenesis.
References:  54
Measurement of Cl- currents in Xenopus oocytes transfected with murine D2L and D2S receptors.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue:  Xenopus oocytes.
Response measured:  Stimulation of Cl- influx.
References:  64
Measurement of inwardly rectifying K+ currents in Xenopus oocytes transfected with the human D4 receptor.
Species:  Human
Tissue:  Xenopus oocytes.
Response measured:  Activation of GIRK1 channels.
References:  46,78
Recruitment of beta-arrestin.
Species:  Human
Tissue:  Transfected CHO and HEK293 cells.
Response measured: 
References:  5,27,33
Physiological Functions
Modulation of the dark level of light-sensitive cAMP in photoreceptors.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue:  Retina.
References:  11
Regulation of electrolyte and water transport.
Species:  Rat
Tissue:  Kidney.
References:  63,65
Modulation of von Willebrand factor secretion in endothelial cells.
Species:  Human
Tissue:  Endothelium.
References:  80
Modulation of gastric acid secretion.
Species:  Rat
Tissue:  In vivo.
References:  21
Modulation of AMPA receptor trafficking and functions.
Species:  Rat
Tissue:  Prefrontal cortex.
References:  79
Modulation of angiotensin II type 1 receptor expression.
Species:  Rat
Tissue:  Kidney.
References:  9
Modulation of neuronal electrophysiological properties.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue:  Prefrontal cortex.
References:  81
Modulation of GABAA receptor functions.
Species:  Rat
Tissue:  Prefrontal cortex primary neurons.
References:  23
Physiological Consequences of Altering Gene Expression
D4 receptor knockout mice exhibit an increased sensitivity to ethanol, cocaine and methamphetamine.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue: 
Technique:  Gene targeting in embryonic stem cells.
References:  52
D4 receptor knockout mice exhibit a decrease in novelty-related exploration.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue: 
Technique:  Gene targeting in embryonic stem cells.
References:  13
D4 receptor knockout mice exhibit increased avoidance behaviour to unconditioned stimuli.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue: 
Technique:  Gene targeting in embryonic stem cells.
References:  16
D4 receptor knockout mice exhibit dysfunctional light-evoked regulation of cAMP in photoreceptors and abnormal retinal adaptation.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue: 
Technique:  Gene targeting in embryonic stem cells.
References:  40
D4 receptor knockout mice exhibit increased co-ordination.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue: 
Technique:  Gene targeting in embryonic stem cells.
References:  52
D4 receptor knockout mice exhibit an increase in blood pressure.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue: 
Technique:  Gene targeting in embryonic stem cells and genotype polymorphism.
References:  4
D4 receptor knockout mice exhibit reduced longevity.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue: 
Technique:  Gene targeting in embryonic stem cells and genotype polymorphism.
References:  22
D4 receptor knockout mice exhibit an increase in glutamate extracellular levels.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue:  Striatum.
Technique:  Gene targeting in embryonic stem cells and genotype polymorphism.
References:  71
D4 receptor knockout mice exhibit a decrease in dopamine release.
Species:  Mouse
Tissue:  Striatum.
Technique:  Gene targeting in embryonic stem cells and genotype polymorphism.
References:  72
Phenotypes, Alleles and Disease Models Mouse data from MGI

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Allele Composition & genetic background Accession Phenotype Id Phenotype Reference
Drd4tm1(IL2RA)Tao Drd4tm1(IL2RA)Tao/Drd4tm1(IL2RA)Tao
involves: C57BL/6J		 MGI:94926  MP:0003463 abnormal single cell response PMID: 14684868 
Drd4tm1Dkg Drd4tm1Dkg/Drd4tm1Dkg
involves: 129P2/OlaHsd * C57BL/6J		 MGI:94926  MP:0001417 decreased exploration in new environment PMID: 10531457 
Drd4tm1Dkg Drd4tm1Dkg/Drd4tm1Dkg
involves: 129P2/OlaHsd * C57BL/6J		 MGI:94926  MP:0002757 decreased vertical activity PMID: 9323127 
Drd4tm1Dkg Drd4tm1Dkg/Drd4tm1Dkg
involves: 129P2/OlaHsd * C57BL/6J		 MGI:94926  MP:0009754 enhanced behavioral response to cocaine PMID: 9323127 
Drd4tm1Dkg Drd4tm1Dkg/Drd4tm1Dkg
involves: 129P2/OlaHsd * C57BL/6J		 MGI:94926  MP:0003858 enhanced coordination PMID: 9323127 
Drd4tm1Dkg Drd4tm1Dkg/Drd4tm1Dkg
involves: 129P2/OlaHsd * C57BL/6J		 MGI:94926  MP:0002629 hyperactivity elicited by ethanol administration PMID: 9323127 
Drd4tm1Dkg Drd4tm1Dkg/Drd4tm1Dkg
involves: 129P2/OlaHsd * C57BL/6J		 MGI:94926  MP:0001402 hypoactivity PMID: 9323127 
Drd4tm1Dkg Drd4tm1Dkg/Drd4tm1Dkg
involves: 129P2/OlaHsd * C57BL/6J		 MGI:94926  MP:0009750 impaired behavioral response to addictive substance PMID: 9323127 
Drd4tm1Dkg Drd4tm1Dkg/Drd4tm1Dkg
involves: 129P2/OlaHsd * C57BL/6J		 MGI:94926  MP:0001906 increased dopamine level PMID: 9323127 
Biologically Significant Variants
Type:  Repeat polymorphism of Exon III
Species:  Human
Description:  DRD4 7-repeat allele may increase likelihood of ADHD.
References:  15,66
General Comments
Human and primate receptors have a variable number (2-10) of imperfect 48 bp repeats in exon 3 [31,75]. This leads to a highly variable length and amino acid composition of the putative third cytoplasmic loop, apparently not associated with any marked variation in pharmacology. In humans the D4.2, D4.4 and D4.7 variants are the predominant variants [55].

Most D4 receptor-antagonists display agonistic activities in some heterologous expression systems [18-19].

References

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1. Al Hussainy R, Verbeek J, van der Born D, Braker AH, Leysen JE, Knol RJ, Booij J, Herscheid JK. (2011) Design, synthesis, radiolabeling, and in vitro and in vivo evaluation of bridgehead iodinated analogues of N-{2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethyl}-N-(pyridin-2-yl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (WAY-100635) as potential SPECT ligands for the 5-HT1A receptor. J. Med. Chem., 54 (10): 3480-91. [PMID:21520940]

2. Asghari V, Sanyal S, Buchwaldt S, Paterson A, Jovanovic V, Van Tol HH. (1995) Modulation of intracellular cyclic AMP levels by different human dopamine D4 receptor variants. J. Neurochem., 65 (3): 1157-65. [PMID:7643093]

3. Auerbach SS, DrugMatrix® and ToxFX® Coordinator National Toxicology Program. National Toxicology Program: Dept of Health and Human Services. Accessed on 02/05/2014. Modified on 02/05/2014. DrugMatrix, https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/drugmatrix/index.html

4. Bek MJ, Wang X, Asico LD, Jones JE, Zheng S, Li X, Eisner GM, Grandy DK, Carey RM, Soares-da-Silva P et al.. (2006) Angiotensin-II type 1 receptor-mediated hypertension in D4 dopamine receptor-deficient mice. Hypertension, 47 (2): 288-95. [PMID:16380537]

5. Bergman J, Roof RA, Furman CA, Conroy JL, Mello NK, Sibley DR, Skolnick P. (2013) Modification of cocaine self-administration by buspirone (buspar®): potential involvement of D3 and D4 dopamine receptors. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol., 16 (2): 445-58. [PMID:22827916]

6. Berry CB, Bubser M, Jones CK, Hayes JP, Wepy JA, Locuson CW, Daniels JS, Lindsley CW, Hopkins CR. (2014) Discovery and Characterization of ML398, a Potent and Selective Antagonist of the D4 Receptor with in Vivo Activity. ACS Med Chem Lett, 5 (9): 1060-4. [PMID:25221667]

7. Burstein ES, Ma J, Wong S, Gao Y, Pham E, Knapp AE, Nash NR, Olsson R, Davis RE, Hacksell U et al.. (2005) Intrinsic efficacy of antipsychotics at human D2, D3, and D4 dopamine receptors: identification of the clozapine metabolite N-desmethylclozapine as a D2/D3 partial agonist. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 315 (3): 1278-87. [PMID:16135699]

8. Chemel BR, Roth BL, Armbruster B, Watts VJ, Nichols DE. (2006) WAY-100635 is a potent dopamine D4 receptor agonist. Psychopharmacology (Berl.), 188 (2): 244-51. [PMID:16915381]

9. Chen K, Deng K, Wang X, Wang Z, Zheng S, Ren H, He D, Han Y, Asico LD, Jose PA et al.. (2015) Activation of D4 dopamine receptor decreases angiotensin II type 1 receptor expression in rat renal proximal tubule cells. Hypertension, 65 (1): 153-60. [PMID:25368031]

10. Chio CL, Drong RF, Riley DT, Gill GS, Slightom JL, Huff RM. (1994) D4 dopamine receptor-mediated signaling events determined in transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells. J. Biol. Chem., 269 (16): 11813-9. [PMID:7512953]

11. Cohen AI, Todd RD, Harmon S, O'Malley KL. (1992) Photoreceptors of mouse retinas possess D4 receptors coupled to adenylate cyclase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 89 (24): 12093-7. [PMID:1334557]

12. Collins GT, Butler P, Wayman C, Ratcliffe S, Gupta P, Oberhofer G, Caine SB. (2012) Lack of abuse potential in a highly selective dopamine D3 agonist, PF-592,379, in drug self-administration and drug discrimination in rats. Behav Pharmacol, 23 (3): 280-91. [PMID:22470105]

13. Dulawa SC, Grandy DK, Low MJ, Paulus MP, Geyer MA. (1999) Dopamine D4 receptor-knock-out mice exhibit reduced exploration of novel stimuli. J. Neurosci., 19 (21): 9550-6. [PMID:10531457]

14. Durcan MJ, Rigdon GC, Norman MH, Morgan PF. (1995) Is clozapine selective for the dopamine D4 receptor?. Life Sci., 57 (18): PL275-83. [PMID:7475902]

15. El-Faddagh M, Laucht M, Maras A, Vöhringer L, Schmidt MH. (2004) Association of dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a high-risk community sample: a longitudinal study from birth to 11 years of age. J Neural Transm (Vienna), 111 (7): 883-9. [PMID:15206004]

16. Falzone TL, Gelman DM, Young JI, Grandy DK, Low MJ, Rubinstein M. (2002) Absence of dopamine D4 receptors results in enhanced reactivity to unconditioned, but not conditioned, fear. Eur. J. Neurosci., 15 (1): 158-64. [PMID:11860516]

17. Fishburn CS, Carmon S, Fuchs S. (1995) Molecular cloning and characterisation of the gene encoding the murine D4 dopamine receptor. FEBS Lett., 361: 215-219. [PMID:7698326]

18. Gazi L, Bobirnac I, Danzeisen M, Schüpbach E, Bruinvels AT, Geisse S, Sommer B, Hoyer D, Tricklebank M, Schoeffter P. (1998) The agonist activities of the putative antipsychotic agents, L-745,870 and U-101958 in HEK293 cells expressing the human dopamine D4.4 receptor. Br. J. Pharmacol., 124 (5): 889-96. [PMID:9692773]

19. Gazi L, Bobirnac I, Danzeisen M, Schüpbach E, Langenegger D, Sommer B, Hoyer D, Tricklebank M, Schoeffter P. (1999) Receptor density as a factor governing the efficacy of the dopamine D4 receptor ligands, L-745,870 and U-101958 at human recombinant D4.4 receptors expressed in CHO cells. Br. J. Pharmacol., 128 (3): 613-20. [PMID:10516640]

20. Gazi L, Schoeffter P, Nunn C, Croskery K, Hoyer D, Feuerbach D. (2000) Cloning, expression, functional coupling and pharmacological characterization of the rat dopamine D4 receptor. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol., 361 (5): 555-64. [PMID:10832611]

21. Glavin GB, Hall AM. (1994) Clozapine, a dopamine DA4 receptor antagonist, reduces gastric acid secretion and stress-induced gastric mucosal injury. Life Sci., 54 (16): PL261-4. [PMID:8152334]

22. Grady DL, Thanos PK, Corrada MM, Barnett Jr JC, Ciobanu V, Shustarovich D, Napoli A, Moyzis AG, Grandy D, Rubinstein M et al.. (2013) DRD4 genotype predicts longevity in mouse and human. J. Neurosci., 33 (1): 286-91. [PMID:23283341]

23. Graziane NM, Yuen EY, Yan Z. (2009) Dopamine D4 Receptors Regulate GABAA Receptor Trafficking via an Actin/Cofilin/Myosin-dependent Mechanism. J. Biol. Chem., 284 (13): 8329-36. [PMID:19179335]

24. Hidaka K, Matsumoto M, Tada S, Tasaki Y, Yamaguchi T. (1995) Differential effects of [3H]nemonapride and [3H]spiperone binding on human dopamine D4 receptors. Neurosci. Lett., 186 (2-3): 145-8. [PMID:7777184]

25. Kim JS, Bailey MJ, Weller JL, Sugden D, Rath MF, Møller M, Klein DC. (2010) Thyroid hormone and adrenergic signaling interact to control pineal expression of the dopamine receptor D4 gene (Drd4). Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 314 (1): 128-35. [PMID:19482058]

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