This receptor family comprises a group of receptors for the calcitonin/CGRP family of peptides. The calcitonin (CT), amylin (AMY), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and adrenomedullin (AM) receptors (nomenclature as agreed by the NC-IUPHAR Subcommittee on CGRP, AM, AMY, and CT receptors [12,24]) are generated by the genes CALCR (which codes for the CT receptor) and CALCRL (which codes for the calcitonin receptor-like receptor, CLR, previously known as CRLR). Their function and pharmacology are altered in the presence of RAMPs (receptor activity-modifying proteins), which are single TM domain proteins of ca. 130 amino acids, identified as a family of three members; RAMP1, RAMP2 and RAMP3. There are splice variants of the CT receptor; these in turn produce variants of the AMY receptor [24], some of which can be potently activated by CGRP. The endogenous agonists are the peptides calcitonin (CALCA, P01258), α-CGRP (CALCA, P06881) (formerly known as CGRP-I), β-CGRP (CALCB, P10092) (formerly known as CGRP-II), amylin (IAPP, P10997) (occasionally called islet-amyloid polypeptide, diabetes-associated polypeptide), adrenomedullin (ADM, P35318) and adrenomedullin 2/intermedin (ADM2, Q7Z4H4). There are species differences in peptide sequences, particularly for the CTs. (CRSP) is another member of the family with selectivity for the CT receptor but it is not expressed in humans [16]. Olcegepant (also known as BIBN4096BS, pKi~10.5) and telcagepant (also known as MK0974, pKi~9) are the most selective antagonists available, showing selectivity for CGRP receptors, with a particular preference for those of primate origin.

CLR (calcitonin receptor-like receptor) by itself binds no known endogenous ligand, but in the presence of RAMPs it gives receptors for CGRP, adrenomedullin and adrenomedullin 2/intermedin.

It is important to note that a complication with the interpretation of pharmacological studies with AMY receptors in transfected cells is that most of this work has likely used a mixed population of receptors, encompassing RAMP-coupled CTR as well as CTR alone. This means that although in binding assays human calcitonin (CALCA, P01258) has low affinity for ¹²⁵I-AMY binding sites, cells transfected with CTR and RAMPs can display potent CT functional responses. Transfection of human CTR with any RAMP can generate receptors with a high affinity for both salmon CT and AMY and varying affinity for different antagonists [4,9-10]. The major human CTR splice variant (hCT_(a), which does not contain an insert) with RAMP1 (i.e. the AMY_1(a) receptor) has a high affinity for CGRP [29], unlike hCT_(a)-RAMP3 (i.e. AMY_3(a) receptor) [4,9]. Actions of CGRP at AMY (and the AM2) receptors led to proposals for a CGRP2 receptor in early literature [12]. However, the AMY receptor phenotype is RAMP-type, splice variant and cell-line-dependent [22,25,27].

The ligands described have limited selectivity. Adrenomedullin has appreciable affinity for CGRP receptors. CGRP can show significant cross-reactivity at AMY receptors and AM₂ receptors. Adrenomedullin 2/intermedin also has high affinity for the AM₂ receptor [14]. CGRP-(8-37) acts as an antagonist of CGRP (pK_i ~8) and inhibits some AM and AMY responses (pK_i ~6-7). It is weak at CT receptors. Human AM-(22-52) has some selectivity towards AM receptors, but with modest potency (pK_i ~7), limiting its use [11]. Olcegepant shows the greatest selectivity between receptors but still has significant affinity for AMY₁ receptors [29].

G_s is a prominent route for effector coupling for CLR and CTR but other pathways (e.g. Ca²⁺, ERK, Akt), and G proteins can be activated [28]. There is evidence that CGRP-RCP (a 148 amino-acid hydrophilic protein, ASL (P04424) is important for the coupling of CLR to adenylyl cyclase [6].

[¹²⁵I]-Salmon CT is the most common radioligand for CT receptors but it has high affinity for AMY receptors and is also poorly reversible. [¹²⁵I]-Tyr⁰-CGRP is widely used as a radioligand for CGRP receptors.

* Key recommended reading is highlighted with an asterisk

* Booe JM, Walker CS, Barwell J, Kuteyi G, Simms J, Jamaluddin MA, Warner ML, Bill RM, Harris PW, Brimble MA et al.. (2015) Structural Basis for Receptor Activity-Modifying Protein-Dependent Selective Peptide Recognition by a G Protein-Coupled Receptor. Mol. Cell, 58 (6): 1040-52. [PMID:25982113]

* Hay DL, Chen S, Lutz TA, Parkes DG, Roth JD. (2015) Amylin: Pharmacology, Physiology, and Clinical Potential. Pharmacol. Rev., 67 (3): 564-600. [PMID:26071095]

* Hay DL, Pioszak AA. (2016) Receptor Activity-Modifying Proteins (RAMPs): New Insights and Roles. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 56: 469-87. [PMID:26514202]

* Kato J, Kitamura K. (2015) Bench-to-bedside pharmacology of adrenomedullin. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 764: 140-8. [PMID:26144371]

* Russell FA, King R, Smillie SJ, Kodji X, Brain SD. (2014) Calcitonin gene-related peptide: physiology and pathophysiology. Physiol. Rev., 94 (4): 1099-142. [PMID:25287861]

* Russo AF. (2015) Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP): a new target for migraine. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 55: 533-52. [PMID:25340934]

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10. Hay DL, Christopoulos G, Christopoulos A, Sexton PM. (2006) Determinants of 1-piperidinecarboxamide, N-[2-[[5-amino-l-[[4-(4-pyridinyl)-l-piperazinyl]carbonyl]pentyl]amino]-1-[(3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-2-oxoethyl]-4-(1,4-dihydro-2-oxo-3(2H)-quinazolinyl) (BIBN4096BS) affinity for calcitonin gene-related peptide and amylin receptors--the role of receptor activity modifying protein 1. Mol Pharmacol, 70: 1984-1991. [PMID:16959943]

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18. Kuwasako K, Kitamura K, Nagoshi Y, Eto T. (2003) Novel calcitonin-(8-32)-sensitive adrenomedullin receptors derived from co-expression of calcitonin receptor with receptor activity-modifying proteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun., 301: 460-464. [PMID:12565884]

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25. Qi T, Dong M, Watkins HA, Wootten D, Miller LJ, Hay DL. (2013) Receptor activity-modifying protein-dependent impairment of calcitonin receptor splice variant Δ(1-47)hCT((a)) function. Br. J. Pharmacol., 168 (3): 644-57. [PMID:22946511]

26. Salvatore CA, Hershey JC, Corcoran HA, Fay JF, Johnston VK, Moore EL, Mosser SD, Burgey CS, Paone DV, Shaw AW, Graham SL, Vacca JP, Williams TM, Koblan KS, Kane SA. (2008) Pharmacological characterization of MK-0974 [N-[(3R,6S)-6-(2,3-difluorophenyl)-2-oxo-1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)azepan-3-yl]-4-(2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-1-yl)piperidine-1-carboxamide], a potent and orally active calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist for the treatment of migraine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 324: 416-421. [PMID:18039958]

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29. Walker CS, Eftekhari S, Bower RL, Wilderman A, Insel PA, Edvinsson L, Waldvogel HJ, Jamaluddin MA, Russo AF, Hay DL. (2015) A second trigeminal CGRP receptor: function and expression of the AMY1 receptor. Ann Clin Transl Neurol, 2 (6): 595-608. [PMID:26125036]

Subcommittee members: Debbie Hay (Chairperson) Maurice Wilkins Centre and Centre for Brain Research Room 4022, School of Biological Sciences Thomas Building 3A Symonds Street University of Auckland Private bag 92019 Auckland 1142 New Zealand Christopher S. Walker School of Biological Sciences Thomas Building 3A Symonds Street University of Auckland Private bag 92019 Auckland 1142 New Zealand

Other contributors: David R. Poyner (Past chairperson) School of Life and Health Sciences Aston University Aston Triangle Birmingham B4 7ET UK