- Home
- Targets
- G protein-coupled receptors
- Glucagon receptor family
Glucagon receptor family C
Unless otherwise stated all data on this page refer to the human proteins. Gene information is provided for human (Hs), mouse (Mm) and rat (Rn).
Overview
Show »« Hide
More detailed introduction 
The glucagon family of receptors (nomenclature as agreed by the NC-IUPHAR Subcommittee on the Glucagon receptor family [21]) are activated by the endogenous peptide (27-44 aa) hormones glucagon (GCG, P01275), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GCG, P01275), glucagon-like peptide 2 (GCG, P01275), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (also known as gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP, P09681)), GHRH (GHRH, P01286) and secretin (SCT, P09683). One common precursor (GCG) generates glucagon (GCG, P01275), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GCG, P01275) and glucagon-like peptide 2 (GCG, P01275) peptides [14]. For a recent review on the current understanding of the structures of GLP-1 and GLP-1R, the molecular basis of their interaction, and the associated signaling events see de Graaf et al., 2016 [11].
Receptors
|
GHRH receptor
C
Show summary »« Hide summary
More detailed page
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
GIP receptor
C
Show summary »« Hide summary
More detailed page
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
GLP-1 receptor
C
Show summary »« Hide summary
More detailed page
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
GLP-2 receptor
C
Show summary »« Hide summary
More detailed page
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
glucagon receptor
C
Show summary »« Hide summary
More detailed page
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
secretin receptor
C
Show summary »« Hide summary
More detailed page
|
Further reading
* Key recommended reading is highlighted with an asterisk
Ahrén B. (2015) Glucagon--Early breakthroughs and recent discoveries. Peptides, 67: 74-81. [PMID:25814364]
Ahrén B. (2019) Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists for type 2 diabetes: A rational drug development. J Diabetes Investig, 10 (2): 196-201. [PMID:30099845]
Andersen A, Lund A, Knop FK, Vilsbøll T. (2018) Glucagon-like peptide 1 in health and disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol, 14 (7): 390-403. [PMID:29728598]
Authier F, Desbuquois B. (2008) Glucagon receptors. Cell Mol Life Sci, 65 (12): 1880-99. [PMID:18292967]
Baldassano S, Amato A. (2014) GLP-2: what do we know? What are we going to discover?. Regul Pept, 194-195: 6-10. [PMID:25218018]
Burcelin R, Serino M, Cabou C. (2009) A role for the gut-to-brain GLP-1-dependent axis in the control of metabolism. Curr Opin Pharmacol, 9 (6): 744-52. [PMID:19800290]
Campbell JE, Drucker DJ. (2013) Pharmacology, physiology, and mechanisms of incretin hormone action. Cell Metab, 17 (6): 819-37. [PMID:23684623]
* Chang R, Zhang X, Qiao A, Dai A, Belousoff MJ, Tan Q, Shao L, Zhong L, Lin G, Liang YL et al.. (2020) Cryo-electron microscopy structure of the glucagon receptor with a dual-agonist peptide. J Biol Chem, 295 (28): 9313-9325. [PMID:32371397]
Cho YM, Merchant CE, Kieffer TJ. (2012) Targeting the glucagon receptor family for diabetes and obesity therapy. Pharmacol Ther, 135 (3): 247-78. [PMID:22659620]
Corazzini V, Salvatori R. (2013) Molecular and clinical aspects of GHRH receptor mutations. Endocr Dev, 24: 106-17. [PMID:23392099]
De Block CE, Van Gaal LF. (2009) GLP-1 receptor agonists for type 2 diabetes. Lancet, 374 (9683): 4-6. [PMID:19515414]
* Dong M, Deganutti G, Piper SJ, Liang YL, Khoshouei M, Belousoff MJ, Harikumar KG, Reynolds CA, Glukhova A, Furness SGB et al.. (2020) Structure and dynamics of the active Gs-coupled human secretin receptor. Nat Commun, 11 (1): 4137. [PMID:32811827]
Donnelly D. (2012) The structure and function of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor and its ligands. Br J Pharmacol, 166 (1): 27-41. [PMID:21950636]
Doyle ME, Egan JM. (2007) Mechanisms of action of glucagon-like peptide 1 in the pancreas. Pharmacol Ther, 113 (3): 546-93. [PMID:17306374]
* Drucker DJ. (2019) The Discovery of GLP-2 and Development of Teduglutide for Short Bowel Syndrome. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci, 2 (2): 134-142. [PMID:32219218]
Drucker DJ, Yusta B. (2014) Physiology and pharmacology of the enteroendocrine hormone glucagon-like peptide-2. Annu Rev Physiol, 76: 561-83. [PMID:24161075]
Dubé PE, Brubaker PL. (2007) Frontiers in glucagon-like peptide-2: multiple actions, multiple mediators. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 293 (2): E460-5. [PMID:17652153]
Frezza EE, Wachtel MS, Chiriva-Internati M. (2007) The multiple faces of glucagon-like peptide-1--obesity, appetite, and stress: what is next? A review. Dig Dis Sci, 52 (3): 643-9. [PMID:17268838]
Gentilella R, Pechtner V, Corcos A, Consoli A. (2019) Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes treatment: are they all the same?. Diabetes Metab Res Rev, 35 (1): e3070. [PMID:30156747]
Graaf Cd, Donnelly D, Wootten D, Lau J, Sexton PM, Miller LJ, Ahn JM, Liao J, Fletcher MM, Yang D et al.. (2016) Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 and Its Class B G Protein-Coupled Receptors: A Long March to Therapeutic Successes. Pharmacol Rev, 68 (4): 954-1013. [PMID:27630114]
Hayes MR, De Jonghe BC, Kanoski SE. (2010) Role of the glucagon-like-peptide-1 receptor in the control of energy balance. Physiol Behav, 100 (5): 503-10. [PMID:20226203]
Holst JJ. (2007) The physiology of glucagon-like peptide 1. Physiol Rev, 87 (4): 1409-39. [PMID:17928588]
Holst JJ, Deacon CF, Vilsbøll T, Krarup T, Madsbad S. (2008) Glucagon-like peptide-1, glucose homeostasis and diabetes. Trends Mol Med, 14 (4): 161-8. [PMID:18353723]
* Holst JJ, Rosenkilde MM. (2020) GIP as a Therapeutic Target in Diabetes and Obesity: Insight From Incretin Co-agonists. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 105 (8). [PMID:32459834]
Jones BJ, Tan T, Bloom SR. (2012) Minireview: Glucagon in stress and energy homeostasis. Endocrinology, 153 (3): 1049-54. [PMID:22294753]
Kazda CM, Ding Y, Kelly RP, Garhyan P, Shi C, Lim CN, Fu H, Watson DE, Lewin AJ, Landschulz WH et al.. (2016) Evaluation of Efficacy and Safety of the Glucagon Receptor Antagonist LY2409021 in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: 12- and 24-Week Phase 2 Studies. Diabetes Care, 39 (7): 1241-9. [PMID:26681715]
* Liang YL, Belousoff MJ, Zhao P, Koole C, Fletcher MM, Truong TT, Julita V, Christopoulos G, Xu HE, Zhang Y et al.. (2020) Toward a Structural Understanding of Class B GPCR Peptide Binding and Activation. Mol Cell, 77 (3): 656-668.e5. [PMID:32004469]
Markovic D, Grammatopoulos DK. (2009) Focus on the splicing of secretin GPCRs transmembrane-domain 7. Trends Biochem Sci, 34 (9): 443-52. [PMID:19733082]
Mayo KE, Miller LJ, Bataille D, Dalle S, Göke B, Thorens B, Drucker DJ. (2003) International Union of Pharmacology. XXXV. The glucagon receptor family. Pharmacol Rev, 55 (1): 167-94. [PMID:12615957]
Miller LJ, Dong M. (2013) The orthosteric agonist-binding pocket in the prototypic class B G-protein-coupled secretin receptor. Biochem Soc Trans, 41 (1): 154-8. [PMID:23356276]
Miller LJ, Dong M, Harikumar KG. (2012) Ligand binding and activation of the secretin receptor, a prototypic family B G protein-coupled receptor. Br J Pharmacol, 166 (1): 18-26. [PMID:21542831]
Nauck MA. (2009) Unraveling the science of incretin biology. Am J Med, 122 (6 Suppl): S3-S10. [PMID:19464426]
Nauck MA, Vardarli I, Deacon CF, Holst JJ, Meier JJ. (2011) Secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in type 2 diabetes: what is up, what is down?. Diabetologia, 54 (1): 10-8. [PMID:20871975]
Romera I, Cebrián-Cuenca A, Álvarez-Guisasola F, Gomez-Peralta F, Reviriego J. (2019) A Review of Practical Issues on the Use of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Ther, 10 (1): 5-19. [PMID:30506340]
Rowland KJ, Brubaker PL. (2011) The "cryptic" mechanism of action of glucagon-like peptide-2. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 301 (1): G1-8. [PMID:21527727]
Schally AV, Varga JL, Engel JB. (2008) Antagonists of growth-hormone-releasing hormone: an emerging new therapy for cancer. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab, 4 (1): 33-43. [PMID:18084344]
St-Pierre DH, Broglio F. (2010) Secretin: Should we revisit its metabolic outcomes?. J Endocrinol Invest, 33 (4): 266-75. [PMID:20503484]
Takai S, Yasumatsu K, Inoue M, Iwata S, Yoshida R, Shigemura N, Yanagawa Y, Drucker DJ, Margolskee RF, Ninomiya Y. (2015) Glucagon-like peptide-1 is specifically involved in sweet taste transmission. FASEB J, 29 (6): 2268-80. [PMID:25678625]
Trujillo JM, Nuffer W. (2014) GLP-1 receptor agonists for type 2 diabetes mellitus: recent developments and emerging agents. Pharmacotherapy, 34 (11): 1174-86. [PMID:25382096]
Verspohl EJ. (2009) Novel therapeutics for type 2 diabetes: incretin hormone mimetics (glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors. Pharmacol Ther, 124 (1): 113-38. [PMID:19545590]
Vrang N, Larsen PJ. (2010) Preproglucagon derived peptides GLP-1, GLP-2 and oxyntomodulin in the CNS: role of peripherally secreted and centrally produced peptides. Prog Neurobiol, 92 (3): 442-62. [PMID:20638440]
Willard FS, Bueno AB, Sloop KW. (2012) Small molecule drug discovery at the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor. Exp Diabetes Res, 2012: 709893. [PMID:22611375]
Williams DL. (2009) Minireview: finding the sweet spot: peripheral versus central glucagon-like peptide 1 action in feeding and glucose homeostasis. Endocrinology, 150 (7): 2997-3001. [PMID:19389830]
* Zhang X, Belousoff MJ, Zhao P, Kooistra AJ, Truong TT, Ang SY, Underwood CR, Egebjerg T, Šenel P, Stewart GD et al.. (2020) Differential GLP-1R Binding and Activation by Peptide and Non-peptide Agonists. Mol Cell, 80 (3): 485-500.e7. [PMID:33027691]
Zhang Y, Sun B, Feng D, Hu H, Chu M, Qu Q, Tarrasch JT, Li S, Sun Kobilka T, Kobilka BK et al.. (2017) Cryo-EM structure of the activated GLP-1 receptor in complex with a G protein. Nature, 546 (7657): 248-253. [PMID:28538729]
* Zhou F, Zhang H, Cong Z, Zhao LH, Zhou Q, Mao C, Cheng X, Shen DD, Cai X, Ma C et al.. (2020) Structural basis for activation of the growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor. Nat Commun, 11 (1): 5205. [PMID:33060564]
References
1. Boulanger L, Girard N, Strecko J, Gaudreau P. (2002) Characterization of a growth hormone-releasing hormone binding site in the rat renal medulla. Peptides, 23 (1): 43-50. [PMID:11814616]
2. Cai R, Schally AV, Cui T, Szalontay L, Halmos G, Sha W, Kovacs M, Jaszberenyi M, He J, Rick FG et al.. (2014) Synthesis of new potent agonistic analogs of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and evaluation of their endocrine and cardiac activities. Peptides, 52: 104-12. [PMID:24373935]
3. Cascieri MA, Koch GE, Ber E, Sadowski SJ, Louizides D, de Laszlo SE, Hacker C, Hagmann WK, MacCoss M, Chicchi GG et al.. (1999) Characterization of a novel, non-peptidyl antagonist of the human glucagon receptor. J Biol Chem, 274 (13): 8694-7. [PMID:10085108]
4. Chow BK. (1995) Molecular cloning and functional characterization of a human secretin receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 212 (1): 204-11. [PMID:7612008]
5. Christopoulos A, Christopoulos G, Morfis M, Udawela M, Laburthe M, Couvineau A, Kuwasako K, Tilakaratne N, Sexton PM. (2003) Novel receptor partners and function of receptor activity-modifying proteins. J Biol Chem, 278 (5): 3293-7. [PMID:12446722]
6. Coy DH, Jiang NY, Fuselier J, Murphy WA. (1996) Structural simplification of potent growth hormone-releasing hormone analogs: implications for other members of the VIP/GHRH/PACAP family. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 805: 149-58. [PMID:8993400]
7. Dillon JS, Tanizawa Y, Wheeler MB, Leng XH, Ligon BB, Rabin DU, Yoo-Warren H, Permutt MA, Boyd AE. (1993) Cloning and functional expression of the human glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor. Endocrinology, 133 (4): 1907-10. [PMID:8404634]
8. Fan H, Gong N, Li TF, Ma AN, Wu XY, Wang MW, Wang YX. (2015) The non-peptide GLP-1 receptor agonist WB4-24 blocks inflammatory nociception by stimulating β-endorphin release from spinal microglia. Br J Pharmacol, 172 (1): 64-79. [PMID:25176008]
9. Gallwitz B, Witt M, Morys-Wortmann C, Fölsch UR, Schmidt WE. (1996) GLP-1/GIP chimeric peptides define the structural requirements for specific ligand-receptor interaction of GLP-1. Regul Pept, 63 (1): 17-22. [PMID:8795084]
10. Gault VA, O'Harte FP, Harriott P, Mooney MH, Green BD, Flatt PR. (2003) Effects of the novel (Pro3)GIP antagonist and exendin(9-39)amide on GIP- and GLP-1-induced cyclic AMP generation, insulin secretion and postprandial insulin release in obese diabetic (ob/ob) mice: evidence that GIP is the major physiological incretin. Diabetologia, 46 (2): 222-30. [PMID:12627321]
11. Graaf Cd, Donnelly D, Wootten D, Lau J, Sexton PM, Miller LJ, Ahn JM, Liao J, Fletcher MM, Yang D et al.. (2016) Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 and Its Class B G Protein-Coupled Receptors: A Long March to Therapeutic Successes. Pharmacol Rev, 68 (4): 954-1013. [PMID:27630114]
12. Haffar BM, Hocart SJ, Coy DH, Mantey S, Chiang HC, Jensen RT. (1991) Reduced peptide bond pseudopeptide analogues of secretin. A new class of secretin receptor antagonists. J Biol Chem, 266 (1): 316-22. [PMID:1702423]
13. Hargrove DM, Alagarsamy S, Croston G, Laporte R, Qi S, Srinivasan K, Sueiras-Diaz J, Wiśniewski K, Hartwig J, Lu M et al.. (2020) Pharmacological Characterization of Apraglutide, a Novel Long-Acting Peptidic Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 Agonist, for the Treatment of Short Bowel Syndrome. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 373 (2): 193-203. [PMID:32075870]
14. Irwin DM. (2001) Molecular evolution of proglucagon. Regul Pept, 98 (1-2): 1-12. [PMID:11179772]
15. Jorgensen R, Martini L, Schwartz TW, Elling CE. (2005) Characterization of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor beta-arrestin 2 interaction: a high-affinity receptor phenotype. Mol Endocrinol, 19 (3): 812-23. [PMID:15528268]
16. Kazda CM, Ding Y, Kelly RP, Garhyan P, Shi C, Lim CN, Fu H, Watson DE, Lewin AJ, Landschulz WH et al.. (2016) Evaluation of Efficacy and Safety of the Glucagon Receptor Antagonist LY2409021 in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: 12- and 24-Week Phase 2 Studies. Diabetes Care, 39 (7): 1241-9. [PMID:26681715]
17. Kelly RP, Garhyan P, Raddad E, Fu H, Lim CN, Prince MJ, Pinaire JA, Loh MT, Deeg MA. (2015) Short-term administration of the glucagon receptor antagonist LY2409021 lowers blood glucose in healthy people and in those with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab, 17 (4): 414-22. [PMID:25656305]
18. Knudsen LB, Nielsen PF, Huusfeldt PO, Johansen NL, Madsen K, Pedersen FZ, Thøgersen H, Wilken M, Agersø H. (2000) Potent derivatives of glucagon-like peptide-1 with pharmacokinetic properties suitable for once daily administration. J Med Chem, 43 (9): 1664-9. [PMID:10794683]
19. Lau J, Bloch P, Schäffer L, Pettersson I, Spetzler J, Kofoed J, Madsen K, Knudsen LB, McGuire J, Steensgaard DB et al.. (2015) Discovery of the Once-Weekly Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Analogue Semaglutide. J Med Chem, 58 (18): 7370-80. [PMID:26308095]
20. Madsen P, Knudsen LB, Wiberg FC, Carr RD. (1998) Discovery and structure-activity relationship of the first non-peptide competitive human glucagon receptor antagonists. J Med Chem, 41 (26): 5150-7. [PMID:9857085]
21. Mayo KE, Miller LJ, Bataille D, Dalle S, Göke B, Thorens B, Drucker DJ. (2003) International Union of Pharmacology. XXXV. The glucagon receptor family. Pharmacol Rev, 55 (1): 167-94. [PMID:12615957]
22. McKeage K. (2015) Teduglutide: a guide to its use in short bowel syndrome. Clin Drug Investig, 35 (5): 335-40. [PMID:25859983]
23. Miranda LP, Winters KA, Gegg CV, Patel A, Aral J, Long J, Zhang J, Diamond S, Guido M, Stanislaus S et al.. (2008) Design and synthesis of conformationally constrained glucagon-like peptide-1 derivatives with increased plasma stability and prolonged in vivo activity. J Med Chem, 51 (9): 2758-65. [PMID:18412318]
24. Montrose-Rafizadeh C, Yang H, Rodgers BD, Beday A, Pritchette LA, Eng J. (1997) High potency antagonists of the pancreatic glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor. J Biol Chem, 272 (34): 21201-6. [PMID:9261127]
25. Petersen KF, Sullivan JT. (2001) Effects of a novel glucagon receptor antagonist (Bay 27-9955) on glucagon-stimulated glucose production in humans. Diabetologia, 44 (11): 2018-24. [PMID:11719833]
26. Pohl SL, Birnbaumer L, Rodbell M. (1969) Glucagon-sensitive adenyl cylase in plasma membrane of hepatic parenchymal cells. Science, 164 (3879): 566-7. [PMID:4305077]
27. Raufman JP, Singh L, Eng J. (1991) Exendin-3, a novel peptide from Heloderma horridum venom, interacts with vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors and a newly described receptor on dispersed acini from guinea pig pancreas. Description of exendin-3(9-39) amide, a specific exendin receptor antagonist. J Biol Chem, 266 (5): 2897-902. [PMID:1704369]
28. Schally AV, Varga JL. (1999) Antagonistic Analogs of Growth Hormone-releasing Hormone: New Potential Antitumor Agents. Trends Endocrinol Metab, 10 (10): 383-391. [PMID:10542394]
29. Slim GM, Lansing M, Wizzard P, Nation PN, Wheeler SE, Brubaker PL, Jeppesen PB, Wales PW, Turner JM. (2019) Novel Long-Acting GLP-2 Analogue, FE 203799 (Apraglutide), Enhances Adaptation and Linear Intestinal Growth in a Neonatal Piglet Model of Short Bowel Syndrome with Total Resection of the Ileum. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 43 (7): 891-898. [PMID:30614011]
30. Thulesen J, Knudsen LB, Hartmann B, Hastrup S, Kissow H, Jeppesen PB, Ørskov C, Holst JJ, Poulsen SS. (2002) The truncated metabolite GLP-2 (3-33) interacts with the GLP-2 receptor as a partial agonist. Regul Pept, 103 (1): 9-15. [PMID:11738243]
31. Tibaduiza EC, Chen C, Beinborn M. (2001) A small molecule ligand of the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor targets its amino-terminal hormone binding domain. J Biol Chem, 276 (41): 37787-93. [PMID:11498540]
32. Ulrich 2nd CD, Wood P, Hadac EM, Kopras E, Whitcomb DC, Miller LJ. (1998) Cellular distribution of secretin receptor expression in rat pancreas. Am J Physiol, 275 (6 Pt 1): G1437-44. [PMID:9843782]
33. Unson CG, Andreu D, Gurzenda EM, Merrifield RB. (1987) Synthetic peptide antagonists of glucagon. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 84 (12): 4083-7. [PMID:3035568]
34. Unson CG, Gurzenda EM, Merrifield RB. (1989) Biological activities of des-His1[Glu9]glucagon amide, a glucagon antagonist. Peptides, 10 (6): 1171-7. [PMID:2560175]
35. Varga JL, Schally AV, Csernus VJ, Zarándi M, Halmos G, Groot K, Rékási Z. (1999) Synthesis and biological evaluation of antagonists of growth hormone-releasing hormone with high and protracted in vivo activities. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 96 (2): 692-7. [PMID:9892695]
36. Varga JL, Schally AV, Horvath JE, Kovacs M, Halmos G, Groot K, Toller GL, Rekasi Z, Zarandi M. (2004) Increased activity of antagonists of growth hormone-releasing hormone substituted at positions 8, 9, and 10. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 101 (6): 1708-13. [PMID:14755056]
37. Volz A, Göke R, Lankat-Buttgereit B, Fehmann HC, Bode HP, Göke B. (1995) Molecular cloning, functional expression, and signal transduction of the GIP-receptor cloned from a human insulinoma. FEBS Lett, 373 (1): 23-9. [PMID:7589426]
38. Werner U, Haschke G, Herling AW, Kramer W. (2010) Pharmacological profile of lixisenatide: A new GLP-1 receptor agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Regul Pept, 164 (2-3): 58-64. [PMID:20570597]
39. Zhang H, Qiao A, Yang L, Van Eps N, Frederiksen KS, Yang D, Dai A, Cai X, Zhang H, Yi C et al.. (2018) Structure of the glucagon receptor in complex with a glucagon analogue. Nature, 553 (7686): 106-110. [PMID:29300013]
NC-IUPHAR subcommittee and family contributors
Subcommittee members:
Laurence J. Miller (Chairperson)
Burkhard Göke
Roberto Salvatori, M.D. |
Other contributors:
Dominique Bataille
Susan L. Chan
Philippe Delagrange
Rebecca Hills
Kelly E. Mayo
Bernard Thorens |
How to cite this family page
Database page citation (select format):
Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY citation:
Alexander SPH, Christopoulos A, Davenport AP, Kelly E, Mathie AA, Peters JA, Veale EL, Armstrong JF, Faccenda E, Harding SD, Davies JA et al. (2023) The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2023/24: G protein-coupled receptors. Br J Pharmacol. 180 Suppl 2:S23-S144.
The glucagon receptor has been reported to interact with receptor activity modifying proteins (RAMPs), specifically RAMP2, in heterologous expression systems [5], although the physiological significance of this has yet to be established.