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Gene and Protein Information  |
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| Species | TM | AA | Chromosomal Location | Gene Symbol | Gene Name | Reference |
| Human | 1 | 839 | 9q33.1 | TLR4 | toll like receptor 4 | |
| Mouse | 1 | 835 | 4 34.66 cM | Tlr4 | toll-like receptor 4 | |
| Rat | 1 | 835 | 5q24 | Tlr4 | toll-like receptor 4 | |
| Previous and Unofficial Names |
| ARMD10 | CD284 | toll-like receptor 4 | TLR-4 | TOLL |
| Database Links |
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| Alphafold | O00206 (Hs), Q9QUK6 (Mm), Q9QX05 (Rn) |
| CATH/Gene3D | 3.80.10.10, 3.40.50.10140 |
| ChEMBL Target | CHEMBL5255 (Hs), CHEMBL1795167 (Mm), CHEMBL4523480 (Rn) |
| Ensembl Gene | ENSG00000136869 (Hs), ENSMUSG00000039005 (Mm), ENSRNOG00000010522 (Rn) |
| Entrez Gene | 7099 (Hs), 21898 (Mm), 29260 (Rn) |
| Human Protein Atlas | ENSG00000136869 (Hs) |
| KEGG Gene | hsa:7099 (Hs), mmu:21898 (Mm), rno:29260 (Rn) |
| Pharos | O00206 (Hs) |
| UniProtKB | O00206 (Hs), Q9QUK6 (Mm), Q9QX05 (Rn) |
| Wikipedia | TLR4 (Hs) |
| Selected 3D Structures |
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Download all structure-activity data for this target as a CSV file 
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| Key to terms and symbols | View all chemical structures | Click column headers to sort | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| View species-specific agonist tables | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Agonist Comments | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chan et al. (2013) describe a SAR study to identify TLR4 pathway activators [6]. A range of structurally diverse, natural and synthetic TLR4 activators and inhibitors are reviewed by Peri and Calabrese (2014) [15]. Revelation Biosciences are developing a synthetic version of monophosphoryl lipid A as a TLR4 activator, to stimulate Type I and Type II interferons as a mechanism to combat early SARS-CoV-2 infection. Their candidate REVTx-99 is delivered intranasally, and is expected to begin evaluation in a Phase 1 study (in Australia) in the 4th quarter of 2020, |
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| Antagonists | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Key to terms and symbols | View all chemical structures | Click column headers to sort | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Antagonist Comments | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A range of structurally diverse, natural and synthetic TLR4 activators and inhibitors are reviewed by Peri and Calabrese (2014) [15]. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Antibodies | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Immunopharmacology Comments |
| TLR4 selectively responds to bacterial endotoxin, Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and lipooligosaccharides (LOS) [5,16], and a range of substances from viruses, fungi, and mycoplasma [9]. TLR4 also responds to danger (or damage) associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) which include endogenous substances released as a consequence of injury and inflammation [2,12]. TLR4 is unique among the TLRs in triggering two distinct signal/transduction pathways: the myeloid differentiating primary response gene 88 (MyD88) dependent pathway and the MyD88-independent pathway based on the TRIF and TRAM effectors. LPS engagement leads to the formation of activated TLR4 which is a protein complex with structure (LPS.MD-2.TLR4)2 [10,14,17]. TLR4 is a therapeutic molecular target. Many lipid A (a component of LPS) analogues have been used to study the structure and function of TLR4 and the information gained has been used to rationally design new therapeutic compounds. A few TLR4 inhibitors (e.g. eritoran [3] and resatorvid) have failed in Phase III clinical trials despite exhibiting preclinical efficacy. So, the search for TLR4 modulators (either direct antagonists or alternatively, compounds which disrupt MD-2-TLR4 interaction e.g. L6H21) with potential to treat a wide range of pathologies, not only acute infection (sepsis) but also inflammatory and autoimmune disorders and some tumours, is ongoing [15]. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery immuno-oncology review [1]. |
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| Physiological Functions Comments | |
| Involved in the detection of lipopolysaccharide; pro-inflammatory. |
| Clinically-Relevant Mutations and Pathophysiology
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| General Comments |
1. Adams JL, Smothers J, Srinivasan R, Hoos A. (2015) Big opportunities for small molecules in immuno-oncology. Nat Rev Drug Discov, 14 (9): 603-22. [PMID:26228631]
2. Akira S, Takeda K. (2004) Toll-like receptor signalling. Nat Rev Immunol, 4 (7): 499-511. [PMID:15229469]
3. Barochia A, Solomon S, Cui X, Natanson C, Eichacker PQ. (2011) Eritoran tetrasodium (E5564) treatment for sepsis: review of preclinical and clinical studies. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol, 7 (4): 479-94. [PMID:21323610]
4. Bazin HG, Murray TJ, Bowen WS, Mozaffarian A, Fling SP, Bess LS, Livesay MT, Arnold JS, Johnson CL, Ryter KT et al.. (2008) The 'Ethereal' nature of TLR4 agonism and antagonism in the AGP class of lipid A mimetics. Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 18 (20): 5350-4. [PMID:18835160]
5. Beutler B, Du X, Poltorak A. (2001) Identification of Toll-like receptor 4 (Tlr4) as the sole conduit for LPS signal transduction: genetic and evolutionary studies. J Endotoxin Res, 7 (4): 277-80. [PMID:11717581]
6. Chan M, Hayashi T, Mathewson RD, Nour A, Hayashi Y, Yao S, Tawatao RI, Crain B, Tsigelny IF, Kouznetsova VL et al.. (2013) Identification of substituted pyrimido[5,4-b]indoles as selective Toll-like receptor 4 ligands. J Med Chem, 56 (11): 4206-23. [PMID:23656327]
7. Garay RP, Viens P, Bauer J, Normier G, Bardou M, Jeannin JF, Chiavaroli C. (2007) Cancer relapse under chemotherapy: why TLR2/4 receptor agonists can help. Eur J Pharmacol, 563 (1-3): 1-17. [PMID:17383632]
8. Ii M, Matsunaga N, Hazeki K, Nakamura K, Takashima K, Seya T, Hazeki O, Kitazaki T, Iizawa Y. (2006) A novel cyclohexene derivative, ethyl (6R)-6-[N-(2-Chloro-4-fluorophenyl)sulfamoyl]cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylate (TAK-242), selectively inhibits toll-like receptor 4-mediated cytokine production through suppression of intracellular signaling. Mol Pharmacol, 69 (4): 1288-95. [PMID:16373689]
9. Jeong E, Lee JY. (2011) Intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of innate immune receptors. Yonsei Med J, 52 (3): 379-92. [PMID:21488180]
10. Jerala R. (2007) Structural biology of the LPS recognition. Int J Med Microbiol, 297 (5): 353-63. [PMID:17481951]
11. Kawasaki K, Akashi S, Shimazu R, Yoshida T, Miyake K, Nishijima M. (2000) Mouse toll-like receptor 4.MD-2 complex mediates lipopolysaccharide-mimetic signal transduction by Taxol. J Biol Chem, 275 (4): 2251-4. [PMID:10644670]
12. Lucas K, Maes M. (2013) Role of the Toll Like receptor (TLR) radical cycle in chronic inflammation: possible treatments targeting the TLR4 pathway. Mol Neurobiol, 48 (1): 190-204. [PMID:23436141]
13. Monnet E, Lapeyre G, Poelgeest EV, Jacqmin P, Graaf K, Reijers J, Moerland M, Burggraaf J, Min C. (2017) Evidence of NI-0101 pharmacological activity, an anti-TLR4 antibody, in a randomized phase I dose escalation study in healthy volunteers receiving LPS. Clin Pharmacol Ther, 101 (2): 200-208. [PMID:27706798]
14. Park BS, Song DH, Kim HM, Choi BS, Lee H, Lee JO. (2009) The structural basis of lipopolysaccharide recognition by the TLR4-MD-2 complex. Nature, 458 (7242): 1191-5. [PMID:19252480]
15. Peri F, Calabrese V. (2014) Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) modulation by synthetic and natural compounds: an update. J Med Chem, 57 (9): 3612-22. [PMID:24188011]
16. Poltorak A, He X, Smirnova I, Liu MY, Van Huffel C, Du X, Birdwell D, Alejos E, Silva M, Galanos C et al.. (1998) Defective LPS signaling in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr mice: mutations in Tlr4 gene. Science, 282 (5396): 2085-8. [PMID:9851930]
17. Shimazu R, Akashi S, Ogata H, Nagai Y, Fukudome K, Miyake K, Kimoto M. (1999) MD-2, a molecule that confers lipopolysaccharide responsiveness on Toll-like receptor 4. J Exp Med, 189 (11): 1777-82. [PMID:10359581]
18. Stöver AG, Da Silva Correia J, Evans JT, Cluff CW, Elliott MW, Jeffery EW, Johnson DA, Lacy MJ, Baldridge JR, Probst P et al.. (2004) Structure-activity relationship of synthetic toll-like receptor 4 agonists. J Biol Chem, 279 (6): 4440-9. [PMID:14570885]
19. Wang Y, Su L, Morin MD, Jones BT, Whitby LR, Surakattula MM, Huang H, Shi H, Choi JH, Wang KW et al.. (2016) TLR4/MD-2 activation by a synthetic agonist with no similarity to LPS. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 113 (7): E884-93. [PMID:26831104]
target has curated data in GtoImmuPdb
