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Crohn's disease

GtoPdb Disease Summaries

This section gives an overview of the disease, and where available shows the following:

  • Synonyms: Shows known synonyms for the disease.
  • Description: Gives a basic description/definition of the disease.
  • Database Link: External links to the same disease at the Disease Ontology, OMIM or Orphanet sites.
  • Immunopharmacology comments: General comments about the target's role in immunopharmacology, provided by GtoImmuPdb curators.
  • Associated with: Counts are displayed for the total targets the disease is associated with in GtoPdb. The counts of targets and ligands of immunological relevance associated to the disease are also shown.

More information can be found in the help pages.

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Disease ID:1016
Name:Crohn's disease
Associated with:4 targets
1 immuno-relevant target
27 immuno-relevant ligands
Synonyms
Crohn disease | Inflammatory bowel disease 1; IBD1
Database Links
Disease Ontology: DOID:8778
OMIM: 266600
Orphanet: ORPHA206

Targets

GtoPdb Disease Summaries - Targets

Click on the target name to link to its detailed view page

Where available, information is display on the role of the target in the disease; drugs which target the disease and their therapeutic use and side-effects.

If there is mutation data curated in GtoPdb this is indicated, with a link back to the appropriate section on the target detailed view page

Immuno ligand interactions - If available, a table of immuno-relevant ligands is shown. These ligands have been curated as having an association to the disease and possess interaction data with the target in GtoPdb. The approval status of the ligand is shown, along with curator comments and an indication of whether the target is considered the primary target of the ligand.

More information can be found in the help pages.

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Key to terms and symbols
TLR4
nucleotide binding oligomerization domain containing 2
regulator of G-protein signaling 1
Comments:  Crohn's disease AND ulcerative colitis
References:  11
heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 1 like
Comments:  Genetic mutations that cause amino acid changes in the HSPA1L protein have been identified in patients with CD.

Ligands

GtoPdb Disease Summaries - Ligands

Click ligand name to view ligand summary page

  • Approved: If the ligand is an approved drug this is indicated, along with approval bodies.
  • Immuno: Immuno icon indicates the ligand is immuno-relevant

Click the arrow in the final column to expand comments

  • Immuno Disease Comments: Curatorial comments specifically added as part of GtoImmuPdb. They give more information on the association between the ligand and disease in the context of immunopharmacology.
  • Clinical Use: General clinical comments relating to the ligand and may not necessarily be specific to the disease in question. With hyperlink to more details on the ligand summary pages.
  • Bioactivty Comments: Curatorial comments specifically about the compounds biological activity - with hyperlink to more details on the ligand summary pages.

More information can be found in the help pages.

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Key to terms and symbols Click ligand name to view ligand summary Click column headers to sort
Ligand References Clinical and Disease comments
ozanimod
Immuno Disease Comments: Phase 2 clinical candidate for CD (see NCT02531113).
Clinical Use: Ozanimod was progressed to Phase 3 clinical evaluation for its potential immunomodulating effects in relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS) [6] and ulcerative colitis [1]. In late March 2020 the FDA approved ozanimod (0.92 mg) for the treatment of adults with RMS, including clinically isolated syndrome, relapsing-remitting disease, and active secondary progressive disease. EMA approval followed on May 20th of the same year. | View clinical data
Bioactivity Comments: Ozanimod is metabolized to , a compound which retains an activity profile indistinguishable from its parent [39]. | View biological activity
mirikizumab
Immuno Disease Comments: Phase 2 clinical candidate for active CD- see NCT02891226.
Clinical Use: Mirikizumab (LY3074828) was advanced to Phase 3 evaluation in autoimmune conditions, including psoriasis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease. It was granted first approval in Japan in 2023, as an induction and maintenance treatment for ulcerative colitis [19]. | View clinical data
Bioactivity Comments: Mirikizumab (Antibody I) binds monkey IL-23 with a Kd of 0.056nM, and rabbit IL-23 with a Kd of 53nM, but does not bind rat or mouse IL-23 or human IL-12, IL-27 or IL-35 [2]. Antibody I blocks binding of IL-23 to the IL-23R in vitro, but does not inhibit IL-23 binding to IL-12Rβ1 (the other subunit of the functional IL-23R heterodimer). Effects of Antibody I in vivo are described in the associated patent documentation [2]. | View biological activity
natalizumab
Immuno Disease Comments: Approved drug for CD.
Clinical Use: Used in the treatment of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis, and in the management of Crohn's disease. However, natalizumab is not widely prescribed due to safety concerns around induction of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). | View clinical data
Bioactivity Comments: We have been unable to find affinity data for this antibody from an open access article. | View biological activity
fontolizumab 15,30
Immuno Disease Comments: Fontolizumab has completed Phase 2 clinical trial in patients with moderate to severe Crohn's disease- see NCT00072943
Clinical Use: Fontolizumab (HuZAF) has completed Phase 2 clinical trial in patients with moderate to severe Crohn's disease (NCT00072943). Results showed that fontolizumab was well tolerated by these patients, and effected increased rates of clinical response and remission compared with placebo [15,30]. A Phase 2 trial in rheumatoid arthritis (NCT00281294) was terminated early because the first phase failed to meet the endpoint. | View clinical data
Bioactivity Comments: Fontolizumab neutralises the proinflammatory activity of IFNγ, as measured by antibody-mediated reduction in IFNγ-induced upregulation of MHC II expression by Hs294T melanoma cells [45]. | View biological activity
prednisolone
Immuno Disease Comments: Glucocorticoid drug used to treat many inflammatory condtions including CD.
Clinical Use: This drug used as an antiinflammatory or immunosuppressive agent and is indicated for the treatment of various inflammatory pathologies, including acute asthma, suppression of inflammatory and allergic disorders, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, rheumatoid arthritis, polymyalgia rheumatica, systemic lupus erythematosus and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). | View clinical data
adalimumab
Immuno Disease Comments: Anti-TNFα monoclonal antibody therapy approved for Crohn's disease.
Clinical Use: Used in the management of rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn's disease and plaque psoriasis.
In 2015 both the EMA and the FDA approved the use of adalimumab as a treatment for hidradenitis suppurativa, a chronic skin disease that causes abscesses and scarring on the skin.
In July 2016, the FDA expanded adalimumab approval as the first non-corticosteroid drug available for use as a treatment for non-infectious intermediate, posterior and panuveitis (forms of autoimmune-driven inflammation of the uvea)- results from Phase 3 clinical trial NCT01138657 are published in [16]. The EMA marketing authorisation for adalimumab Trudexa® was withdrawn at the request of the marketing authorisation holder. | View clinical data
infliximab
Immuno Disease Comments: Approved monoclonal antibody therapy for Crohn's disease.
Clinical Use: Used in the management of rheumatoid arthritis (in combination with ), ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, plaque psoriasis, Crohn's disease [44] and ulcerative colitis. A subcutaneous formulation is available for use as maintenance option for patients with Crohn's disease/ulcerative colitis following intravenously infliximab therapy. | View clinical data
Bioactivity Comments: Infliximab has been reported to induce an anti-chimeric antibody response in almost 15% of Crohn's disease patients (47 tested) [32]. This indicates that as predicited, humans can mount an immune response to whole murine variable domains, and is the underlying rationale promoting the development of clinical antibodies with variable domains with more human character (i.e. humanised or fully human monoclonal developments). | View biological activity
certolizumab pegol
Immuno Disease Comments: An anti-TNFα therapy approved for CD.
Clinical Use: Used to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and Crohn's disease [4]. May also have some effect in related conditions such as axial spondyloarthritis [36]. The EMA granted Europe-wide approval for the use of this drug in patients with RA (moderate to severe, active disease and severe, active and progressive disease), axial spondyloarthritis and psoriatic arthritis in 2009. FDA approval was expanded to include treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis, in June 2018. | View clinical data
Bioactivity Comments: Certolizumab pegol neutralises soluble TNFα in vitro, with an IC90 of 3ng/ml [28], neutralises the effects mediated by membrane bound TNFα, and inhibits production of IL-1β in monocytes stimulated with LPS. | View biological activity
azathioprine
Immuno Disease Comments: Approved drug for CD.
Clinical Use: Used to reduce organ rejection in transplant patients and to treat autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, lupus erythematosus and ulcerative colitis. The EMA approved azathioprine to prevent graft rejection in July 2021. | View clinical data
Bioactivity Comments: Azathioprine is reported to inhibit peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PADI4), albeit with very low in vitro affinity [23]. PADI enzymes catalyze the hydrolytic deimination of protein arginine to produce protein citrulline and ammonia [18] and cause chromatin decondensation. Dysregulated PADI4 activity may be involved in cancer progression as it is overexpressed in many malignant tumours, where enhanced chromatin decondensation is involved in promoting pluripotency and stem cell maintenance. | View biological activity
vedolizumab
Immuno Disease Comments: Approved therapeutic for CD.
Clinical Use: Approved to treat adult patients with moderate to severe ulcerative colitis or moderate to severe Crohn‘s disease. | View clinical data
Bioactivity Comments: In vitro, vedolizumab inhibits specific binding of α4β7 +ve lymphoma cells to immobilised MADCAM1 or fibronectin with IC50 values of 0.39nM and 0.14nM respectively [35]. Soler et al. (2009) also show by FACS analysis that vedolizumab binds specifically to cells exogenously expressing the α4 and β7 intergrin proteins [35]. | View biological activity
AZ11657312 (salt free)
Immuno Disease Comments: Experimental compound.
Bioactivity Comments: Note that bioactivity will be associated with the hydrochloride salt. Pending publication, the data presented here is derived from the compound's record in AstaZeneca's Open Innovation Pharmacology Toolbox | View biological activity
AZD9056
Immuno Disease Comments: Developed with potential for treating CD, but development was discontinued.
Clinical Use: AZD9056 was developed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and Crohn’s disease. Phase 2 trial NCT00520572 for RA has been completed. There are no active trials in progress (Nov 2014). | View clinical data
Bioactivity Comments: The NIH National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) record for AZD9056 provides bioactivity data as follows: The IC50 for AZD9056-induced inhibition of pro-inflammatory IL-1β and IL-18 release from human peripheral monocytes is 10-13nM. | View biological activity
filgotinib
Immuno Disease Comments: Phase 2 clinical candidate for both perianal fistulizing (NCT03077412) and small bowel (NCT03046056) CD.
Clinical Use: Filgotinib was advanced to evaluation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Click here to link to ClinicalTrials.gov's complete listing of filgotinib studies. In October 2019 Gliead Sciences and Galapagos issued a press release which announced sustained efficacy, safety and tolerability of filgotinib from 12-52 weeks in RA patients in the Phase 3 FINCH1 (NCT02889796) & FINCH3 (NCT02886728) trials [12].

In August 2020, Gilead announed that the FDA had rejected their filing for approval of filgotinib in RA in a complete response letter, that expressed concerns about toxicity (on sperm concentrations) of the 200mg dose. The FDA want to review results from the ongoing MANTA and MANTA-RAy trials that are expected in the first half of 2021. However, late September 2020 saw EMA and Japanese PMDA approvals granted to filgotinib for the treatment of moderate to severe RA.
Publication of results from ulcerative colitis trials is pending, although positive indications (particulary in relation to response rates and safety) were presented at the United European Gastroenterology Week virtual meeting (October 11-13, 2020). | View clinical data
mongersen
Immuno Disease Comments: Phase 3 clinical candidate for CD (see NCT02641392).
Clinical Use: A Phase 2 clinical trial detetcted promising efficacy in Smad7-induced colitis associated with Crohn's disease, with higher rates of remission being reported in patients receiving mongersen compared to those in the placebo group [3,27]. However this did not convert to efficacy in Phase 3 evaluations [43]. Subsequently, the developer Clegene, terminated further development of this agent in 2017. | View clinical data
etrolizumab
Immuno Disease Comments: Phase 3 clinical candidate for CD.
Clinical Use: Etrolizumab was progressed to Phase 3 clinical trials as a potential treatment for Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (UC) [46]. All four of the UC trials have completed (as of August 2020), with mixed and somewhat dissapointing results, although nothing has yet been published (see Fierce Biotech summary here). At this time etrolizumab trials in Crohn's are still proceeding. | View clinical data
Bioactivity Comments: hu504.32R inhibits cell adhesion in assays performed as part of the patent application [10]; inhibiting α4β7-MAdCAM-1-mediated adhesion with an IC50 of 0.075nM, and αEβ7-E-cadherin-mediated adhesion with an IC50 of 3.96nM. | View biological activity
dectrekumab
Immuno Disease Comments: Phase 2 trial NCT01316601 in CD has been completed.
Clinical Use: Dectrekumab (QBX258) reached Phase 2 clinical trial as a potential biologic therapy for several immune conditions, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), asthma, eosinophilic esophagitis [31] (proof of principle study NCT01022970), Crohn's disease, keloids and allergic rhinitis. As of May 2017, there are no active dectrekumab studies. | View clinical data
risankizumab
Immuno Disease Comments: Phase 3 clinical candidate for CD (see NCT03105102).
Clinical Use: Results from the first-in-human proof-of-concept trial in patients with psoriasis were reported by Krueger et al. in 2015 [24]. Phase 3 trial results in psoriasis patients were published in 2018 [13]. FDA and EMA approvals were granted in 2019 and it is also approved in Japan and Canada. Risankizumab therapy is indicated for patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis who are candidates for systemic therapy or phototherapy (Japan's authorisation additionally includes treatment of generalized pustular psoriasis, erythrodermic psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis). Investigations are ongoing in other autoinflammatory conditions. Click here to link to ClinicalTrials.gov's full list of risankizumab trials.

In May 2022, two studies reported results from phase 3 RCTs of risankizumab for Crohn's disease [5,8]. The NCT04524611 (SEQUENCE) study is directly comparing risankizumab and ustekinumab in participants with moderate to severe Crohn's disease and for whom anti-TNF therapy has failed. | View clinical data
vercirnon
Immuno Disease Comments: Failed to show clinical efficiency in Phase 3 trials.
Clinical Use: Three out of four Phase 3 clinical trials evaluating vercirnon (using research code GSK1605786A) in Crohn's disease were terminated due to lack of efficacy. | View clinical data
Bioactivity Comments: Vercirnon (CCX282-B) inhibits CCL25-directed chemotaxis of CCR9 expressing cells and markers of disease are normalised in a mouse Crohn's disease model treated with vercirnon [49]. | View biological activity
briakinumab
Immuno Disease Comments: Clinical development for CD has been terminated.
Clinical Use: Results from a Phase 2 clinical trial (NCT00292396) evaluating briakinumab in patients with moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis are reported in [20]. Several Phase 3 trials comparing briakinumab against placebo, and (two approved anti-psoriatic drugs) for moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis (link here to a list of these trials on ClinicalTrials.gov) have been completed. Clinical development of briakinumab for rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease and multiple sclerosis has been terminated. As of May 2017, there are no active clinical trials evaluating this antibody. | View clinical data
upadacitinib
Immuno Disease Comments: Phase 3 clinical candidate for CD.
Clinical Use: Upadacitinib (ABT-494) completed successful Phase 3 clinical evaluation for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) [9,26,34], and was granted FDA approval in August 2019 and EMA approval in December 2019, as a treatment for patients with moderate-severe active RA that is inadequately controlled by [7]. Evaluation of upadacitinib's potential in additional immune-mediated conditions (psoriatic arthritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, ankylosing spondylitis, atopic dermatitis, SLE and temporal arteritis) are ongoing [29,33,41]. Click here to link to ClinicalTrials.gov's list of ABT-494 studies.
Abbvie reported (in a press release) that upadacitinib met its primary and secondary endpoints in Phase 3 evaluation in psoriatic arthritis (October 2019). No new safety risks were detected. Depending on the dose administered, 25-29% of patients achieved minimal disease activity at week 24 of the study. Formal publication of these results will follow.
FDA approval was expanded in May 2023, to include treatment of moderate-severe active Crohn's disease that has not responded to anti-TNFα drugs. | View clinical data
Bioactivity Comments: In a kinase screening panel, only two other kinases, Rock1 and Rock2 have IC50s below 1000nM [48]. | View biological activity
brazikumab
Immuno Disease Comments: Phase 2 clinical candidate for CD (see NCT02574637).
Clinical Use: Phase 1 clinical trials evaluating brazikumab as a monotherapy in mild to severe Crohn's disease (NCT01258205) and moderate to severe psoriasis (NCT01094093) have been completed. Phase 2 trials in subjects with active, moderate to severe Crohn's disease are ongoing (see NCT02574637 and NCT01714726). | View clinical data
Bioactivity Comments: It is unclear which anti-IL-23 antibody in patent WO2011056600 is AMG 139, although antibodies B and E were crystalised to produce X-ray structures, suggesting these were preferred agents [42]. In binding affinity experiments using recombinant human IL-23, all of the chosen antibodies produced equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) values <4pM [42]. | View biological activity
amiselimod
Immuno Disease Comments: Phase 2 clinical candidate for CD.
Clinical Use: Amiselimod (MT-1303) has completed Phase 2 dose-finding clinical trials in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (NCT01742052) and moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis (NCT01987843). Phase 2 trials in Crohn's disease patients are underway. | View clinical data
Bioactivity Comments: In vivo (in mice) amiselimod (MT-1303) hydrochloride decreases peripheral blood lymphocyte count with an ED50 value of 0.04mg/kg body weight [22]. Affinity for S1P receptors is not provided in the patent. Note that bioactivity is attributed to the active metabolite [37], the prodrug is almost completely inactive at S1P1R. | View biological activity
mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1
Immuno Disease Comments: A gut-specific ligand being investigated as a drug target for inflammatory bowel conditions.
Bioactivity Comments: MAdCAM-1 expression is elevated in intestinal biopsies from experimental models of colitis and from patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. | View biological activity
ontamalimab
Immuno Disease Comments: Phase 2 clinical candidate for CD (see completed study NCT01298492).
Clinical Use: PF-00547659 has completed Phase 2 clinical trials for ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Results from Phase 2 ulcerative colitis trial NCT01620255 were published by Vermeire et al. in 2017 [47] | View clinical data
Bioactivity Comments: PF-00547659 binding exhbits >30-fold difference in target affinity between in vitro SPR (surface plasmon resonance) derived KD and clinically derived KD, thought to be due to conformational restrictions in membrane-bound MAdCAM-1 compared to soluble MAdCAM-1 [50]. | View biological activity
deflazacort
Immuno Disease Comments: Approved corticosteroid that can be prescribed for CD.
Clinical Use: Deflazacort can be prescribed for many inflammatory conditions including asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, juvenile chronic arthritis, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, polymyalgia rheumatica, systemic lupus erythematosus and ulcerative colitis. More recently approved by the FDA as a treatment for Duchenne muscular dystrophy [14]. | View clinical data
Bioactivity Comments: In vitro binding to rat kidney, thymus and liver glucocorticoid receptors is reported in [25]. | View biological activity
teduglutide
Immuno Disease Comments: Teduglutide has completed Phase 2 clinical trials in Crohn's disease patients- see NCT00072839 and the follow on trial NCT00308438
Clinical Use: Teduglutide is used in the treatment of short bowel syndrome [17,51]. | View clinical data
ritlecitinib
Immuno Disease Comments: Phase 2 clinical candidate for patients with moderate to severe CD (NCT03395184).
Clinical Use: PF-06651600 completed Phase 2 clinical trials for rheumatoid arthritis and ulcerative colitis and was advanced to Phase 2b/3 in alopecia areata patients (the ALLEGRO study). Click here to link to ClinicalTrials.gov's full list of PF-06651600 trials. In June 2023 the FDA approved ritlecitinib to treat severe alopecia areata, based on positive efficacy results from the ALLEGRO study [21]. The UK's HMRA approved the drug for this indication in November 2023. | View clinical data
Bioactivity Comments: PF-06651600 exhibits favourable selectivity against a screening panel of 305 kinases in vitro, and shows measurable inhibition of 7 of the 10 other kinases which share a cysteine residue analogous to Cys-909 in the JAK3 ATP binding site (these were BMX, ITK, TXK, TEC, BTK, BLK and HER4) [40].
ATP concentration for JAK3 is 4 μM at Km and for JAK1 is 40 μM at Km, but some assays reported in [40] were carried out at 1 mM ATP . | View biological activity

References

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