Targets Associated to Immuno Cell Types - Dendritic cells
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The Dendritic cells category includes the following Cell Ontology parent terms: |
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Targets Associated to Immuno Cell Types
Full documentation can be found in the GtoImmuPdb immuno cell type data documentation (PDF). ✖ | Download as CSV | ||
| GPCRs | |||
| GtoPdb receptor name (family) | Cell Type Association Comments | Cell Ontology Associations | Immunopharmacology Comments |
| 5-HT2B receptor (5-Hydroxytryptamine receptors) |
Expressed by DCs. |
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The expression of 5-HT2B receptors on immune cells indicates that it plays some part in immune/inflammatory responses [131] ... |
| XCR1 (Chemokine receptors) |
Human XCR1 is expressed exclusively in CD141+ (BDCA3+) DCs, and in mouse expression is restricted to CD8+ DCs which are phenotypically similar to the human cells. XCR1 is NOT expressed in T cells, B cells, NK cells, granulocytes, monocytes, or other DC subsets. |
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XCR1 is one of more than 20 distinct chemokine receptors expressed in human leukocytes. Chemokines primarily act to promote leukocyte chemotaxis to sites of inflammation. XCR1 is expressed by a subset of dendritic cells [77] ... |
| 5-HT7 receptor (5-Hydroxytryptamine receptors) |
Involved in cytokine production/release from DCs. |
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5-HT has been shown to alter cytokine production by dendritic cells via 5-HT4 and 5-HT7 receptors [2] ... |
| 5-HT2A receptor (5-Hydroxytryptamine receptors) |
Involved in chemokine production. |
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The chemoattractant properties of 5-HT on human eosinophils is mediated by 5-HT2A receptor [20] ... |
| 5-HT1B receptor (5-Hydroxytryptamine receptors) |
Involved in DC chemotaxis. |
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The expression of 5-HT1B receptors on immune cells indicates that it plays some part in immune/inflammatory responses [131] ... |
| 5-ht1e receptor (5-Hydroxytryptamine receptors) |
Involved in DC chemotaxis. |
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The expression of 5-HT1e receptors on immune cells indicates that it plays some part in immune/inflammatory responses [131] ... |
| 5-HT4 receptor (5-Hydroxytryptamine receptors) |
Involved in cytokine production/release from DCs. |
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5-HT has been shown to alter cytokine production by dendritic cells via 5-HT4 and 5-HT7 receptors [2] ... |
| CXCR3 (Chemokine receptors) |
N.B. inflammatory dentritic cells |
CXCR3 is one of more than 20 distinct chemokine receptors expressed in human leukocytes. Chemokines primarily act to promote leukocyte chemotaxis to sites of inflammation. CXCR3 is the receptor for CXCL9, -10 and -11, three CXC chemokines that are preferentially expressed on Th1 lymphocytes. In the cancer setting cytokines are known to establish an immunosuppressive milieu that is condusive to tumour progression. CXCR3 and its ligands have specifically been identified as being associated with this mechanism in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma [25] ... |
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| C3a receptor (Complement peptide receptors) |
Lung-resident CD11b+ cDCs and monocyte-derived DCs, and lamina propria CD103+, and CD11b+ cDCs express C3aR in the mouse. |
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Complement C3a receptor 1 is the receptor for complement factor C3a, a component of the alternative complement cascade. It can have pro-inflammatory actions, but can also counteract the proinflammatory effects of C5a. The complement system plays a critical role intestinal immune homeostasis. In particular, C3 and the C3aR have been identified as being involved in regulating the intestinal immune response during chronic colitis [121,135] ... |
| S1P4 receptor (Lysophospholipid (S1P) receptors) |
Affects dendritic cell migration to lymph nodes. |
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| β2-adrenoceptor (Adrenoceptors) |
β2-AR agonist-exposed mature dendritic cells have a reduced ability to cross-present protein antigens while retaining exogenous peptide presentation capability. This effect is mediated through a Gi/o inhibitory pathway. |
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β2-ARs are expressed on innate and adaptive immune cells of humans and rodents, and are reported to have an immuno-modulating effect [40] ... |
| Ion Channels | |||
| GtoPdb receptor name (family) | Cell Type Association Comments | Cell Ontology Associations | Immunopharmacology Comments |
| TRPV1 (Transient Receptor Potential channels (TRP)) |
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Several lines of evidence suggest that TRPV1 is implicated in some inflammatory processes [6,17,88,91,110] ... | |
| P2X7 (P2X receptors) |
P2XR7 activity is involved in DC priming. |
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The P2X7 receptor is involved in NLRP3-type inflammasome formation, and subsequent maturation of IL-1β [85,102] ... |
| Kv1.3 (Voltage-gated potassium channels (Kv)) |
Kv1.3 plays a role in DC function vis-a-vis expression of costimulatory molecules and cytokines, and chemotaxis. |
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Kv1.3 is involved in T cell proliferation, activation and cytokine secretion, most significantly in effector memory T lymphocytes (TEM cells) compared to naive and central memory T cells. TEM cells are major drivers of inflammation in a number of autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis, so pharmacological manipulation of Kv1.3 activity may be of clinical utility in immunomodulation [1,15,29,51] ... |
| TRPM4 (Transient Receptor Potential channels (TRP)) |
TRPM4 is essential for the migration of DCs. |
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TRPM4 is expressed on human T cells, mouse dendritic cells, human and mouse monocytes/macrophages, and mouse mast cells [99] ... |
| TRPV2 (Transient Receptor Potential channels (TRP)) |
Expressed on human dendritic cells. |
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Expressed on human and mouse B cells, human dendritic cells and neutrophils, mouse monocytes/macrophages, and human, mouse and rat mast cells [99] ... |
| Enzymes | |||
| GtoPdb receptor name (family) | Cell Type Association Comments | Cell Ontology Associations | Immunopharmacology Comments |
| SRC proto-oncogene, non-receptor tyrosine kinase (Src family) |
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Src family tyrosine kinases act as general modulators of immune cell signaling, playing diverse signaling functions, both inhibitory and stimulatory, in immunoreceptor and integrin signaling pathways [87] ... | |
| FGR proto-oncogene, Src family tyrosine kinase (Src family) |
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Fgr may be involved in neutrophil migration, potentially via binding to intergrins [13] ... | |
| HCK proto-oncogene, Src family tyrosine kinase (Src family) |
Hck is thought to be involved in neutrophil migration, potentially via binding to intergrins [13] ... | ||
| LYN proto-oncogene, Src family tyrosine kinase (Src family) |
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LYN is a Src family tyrosine kinase, expressed predominantly in hematopoietic cells, but also in neural, liver, and adipose tissues. LYN appears to function as a rheostat to modulate B cell signaling, and can be activating or inhibitory in action, depending on the B cell receptor and interacting protein complement present in particular cells [46,48,124] ... | |
| Haem oxygenase 1 (Haem oxygenase) |
HO1 expression inhibits dendritic cell maturation and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. |
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Heme oxygenase (HO) is a rate-limiting enzyme in the catabolism of heme, catalyzing the oxidative cleavage of heme (Fe-protoporphyrin-IX) to render equimolar amounts of biliverdin, ferrous iron (Fe2+), and carbon monoxide (CO). Heme oxygenase 1 (HO1) is a Nrf2-regulated gene, whose expression is upregulated as a cytoprotective mechanism in response to cellular stresses including inflammation, ischemia, hypoxia, hyperoxia, hyperthermia, or radiation. HO1 has antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antiapoptotic, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory effects in vascular cells, playing an important role in the prevention of vascular inflammation and atherogenesis (reviewed in [5] ... |
| mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 1 (KHS subfamily) |
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HPK1 (MAP4K1) is highly expressed in hematopoietic cell subsets. It acts as a critical negative regulator in the activation of T cells and dendritic cells [57,118] ... | |
| indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (1.13.11.- Dioxygenases) |
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The indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) branch of the kynurenine (KYN) pathway of tryptophan metabolism has been intensely studied in relation to immune tolerance and allergy. IDO is generally considered to be a tolerogenic, immunosuppressive enzyme, that is induced by IFN-γ. It provides a negative feedback pathway that limits uncontrolled immune responses. Its immunosuppressive actions arise from its promotion of tryptophan depletion, and elevation of KYN metabolite levels. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor serves as a receptor for KYN and should be considered when evaluating the IDO-KYN pathway in immune homeostasis and its potential to modulate innate and adaptive immune responses [71] ... | |
| Catalytic Receptors | |||
| GtoPdb receptor name (family) | Cell Type Association Comments | Cell Ontology Associations | Immunopharmacology Comments |
| CIITA (NOD-like receptor family) |
CIITA is the master regulator of MHC-II expression on antigen-presenting cells. |
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CIITA is a transcriptional coactivator for the transcription factor RFX5 [113] ... |
| MER proto-oncogene, tyrosine kinase (Type XI RTKs: TAM (TYRO3-, AXL- and MER-TK) receptor family) |
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Mer plays a critical role in regulating self-tolerance mediated between apoptotic cells, dendritic cells, and T cells [16,129] ... | |
| TLR6 (Toll-like receptor family) |
NB monocyte-derived immature DCs. |
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TLR6 forms heterodimers with TLR2 to detect a wide range of bacterial lipopeptides (LP) from bacterial cell membranes, and effect an immune response [42] ... |
| single Ig and TIR domain containing (Immunoglobulin-like family of IL-1 receptors) |
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IL-1R8 has been identified as a natural killer (NK) cell checkpoint that is involved in regulating NK cells' anti-viral and anti-tumour effector functions [94] ... | |
| Transporters | |||
| GtoPdb receptor name (family) | Cell Type Association Comments | Cell Ontology Associations | Immunopharmacology Comments |
| Peptide transporter 4 (SLC15 family of peptide transporters) |
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SLC15A4 is an oligopeptide transporter that is expressed in early endosomes. It is critical for signalling via certain pattern recognition receptors (e.g. Toll-like receptors 7-9 and NOD receptors) in immune cell subsets [75] ... | |
| Peptide transporter 3 (SLC15 family of peptide transporters) |
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SLC15A3 and SLC15A4 are preferentially expressed by cells within the lymphatic system, including dendritic cells. Expression of these two genes is upregulated in response to TLR stimulation [97,119] ... | |
| Other Protein Targets | |||
| GtoPdb receptor name (family) | Cell Type Association Comments | Cell Ontology Associations | Immunopharmacology Comments |
| CD86 (Other immune checkpoint proteins, CD molecules) |
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CD86 (B7-2) is a type I membrane immunoglobulin. It is expressed on antigen-presenting cells and in association with CD80 provides the costimulatory signal necessary for T cell activation and survival. CD86 interacts with CD28 or CTLA-4 on T cells. It is the interaction with CTLA-4 that is targeted ... | |
| CD33 (Other immune checkpoint proteins, CD33-related SIGLECs, CD molecules) |
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CD33 (SIGLEC3) is a myeloid cell I-type (Ig-type) lectin that binds glycans containing sialic acids [50] ... | |
| CD38 (Abscisic acid receptor complex, CD molecules) |
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CD38 is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein, that is widely expressed on immune cells and is involved in cell adhesion and signal transduction. Its extracellular domain acts as an ectoenzyme, catalyzing the conversion of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) into nicotinamide, adenosine diphosphate-ribose (ADPR), and cyclic ADPR. Expression of CD38 is tightly regulated during B-cell development and maturation [52] ... | |
| CD74 (CD molecules) |
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CD74 is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein which associates with the MHC class II α and β chains and directs the transport of class II molecules to lysosomal and endosomal compartments [33] ... | |
| CD80 (Other immune checkpoint proteins, CD molecules) |
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CD80 (B7-1) is expressed on dendritic cells and activated B cells and monocytes. It is required to provide a costimulatory signal necessary for T cell activation and survival. CD80 works in concert with CD86 to prime T cells. CD80 binds CD28 and CTLA-4 on T cells. It is the interaction with CTLA-4 t ... | |
| leukocyte immunoglobulin like receptor A4 (CD85g) (CD molecules) |
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LILRA4 (CD85g) is a member of the activating leukocyte immunoglobulin like receptor (LILRA) family (HGNC family 1181). It is involved in activation of eosinophils and homeostatic regulation of the innate immunity of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) [27] ... | |
| CS1 (CD319) (CD molecules) |
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CS1 is a member of the signalling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) receptor family. CS1 is a membrane glycoprotein primarily expressed on plasma cells. Homophilic interaction (i.e. interaction with itself) of CS1 induces B cell proliferation and autocrine cytokine secretion, thus playing a role in various immune functions. CS1 is a validated molecular target for the development of novel immunotherapeutics with the potential to treat MM, a malignant disease of plasma cells which remains incurable despite advances in treatment (such as bortezomib, lenalidomide and immunotherapies in clinical trial). Indeed, a combination therapy containing the anti-CS1 mAb elotuzumab (elotuzumab + lenalidomide + dexamethasone), was FDA approved for MM in 2015. CS1 expression is also elevated in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) [70] ... |
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| CD300a (CD molecules) |
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CD300a is a member of the CD300 family of leucocyte surface receptors [21] ... | |
| C-type lectin domain family 4 member A (C-type lectin-like receptors (CLRs)) |
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CLEC4A is an pattern recognition receptor and immunoreceptor that functions in cell adhesion, cell-cell signalling, glycoprotein turnover, and plays roles in inflammation and the immune response. It contains a immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) in its cytoplasmic domain. | |
| C-type lectin domain family 4 member E (C-type lectin-like receptors (CLRs)) |
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Mincle is an FcRγ-associated membrane receptor involved in initiating the innate immune response upon recognition of endogenous and exogenous ligands including Sin3A-associated protein (SAP130), α-mannan on fungal cell walls and mycobacterial cord factor (trehalose-6,6′-dimycolate (TDM)) [23] ... | |
| regulator of G-protein signaling 13 (R4 family) |
NB mouse dendritic cells. |
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RGS13 is involved in a range of immune system and inflammatory processes [89,114,120] ... |
| V-set immunoregulatory receptor (Other immune checkpoint proteins) |
Constitutively expressed on CD11b+ myeloid DCs. |
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V-set immunoregulatory receptor (VSIR) is commonly referred to as VISTA in the literature corpus. This is an Ig superfamily (B7 family) protein that acts as an inhibitory immune-checkpoint molecule. In common with other T cell co-inhibitory receptors (e.g. CTLA-4, PD-1, TIM3, and LAG3) it is involved in maintaining peripheral tolerance [81] ... |
| neuropilin 1 (Neuropilins and Plexins) |
NRP1 is expressed on several types of immune cells (e.g. T cells, dendritic cells) [109,123] ... | ||
| C-type lectin domain family 12 member A (C-type lectin-like receptors (CLRs)) |
Expressed on mouse and human dendritic cell subsets. |
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The CLEC12A protein is a negative regulator of granulocyte and monocyte function [54,92] ... |
| C-type lectin domain family 4 member C (C-type lectin-like receptors (CLRs)) |
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CLEC4C (BDCA2) is a type 2 transmembrane protein that is selectively expressed by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). Like other C-type lectins, this membrane protein has roles in inflammation and immune responses. It is reported to capture non-sialylated galactose-terminated complex glycan antigens [104] ... | |
| regulator of G-protein signaling 10 (R12 family) |
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