IUPHAR/SIF Guide to Natural Products

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Introduction

Natural products (NPs) offer an invaluable source of biologically active compounds, and are well recognised for their potential in drug discovery and development. However, to realise their potential clinical benefits, extreme care must be taken to ensure consistency and safety throughout the processes from sample selection/collection, isolation methodologies, structure elucidation and biological evaluation. Of critical importance is the thorough validation of the pharmacological profile of any proposed new NP drug. To achieve these objectives IUPHAR (https://iuphar.org/) and the Italian Society of Pharmacology (SIF; https://www.sifweb.org/) are collaborating to provide an expert-driven project to curate NPs as a resource within the Guide to PHARMACOLOGY.

Further reading:

Visioli F. Natural products: Call for hard evidence. Br J Pharmacol. 2024 181(16):3010-3011. doi:10.1111/bph.16437. PMID: 38783822

Wang X, Izzo AA, Papapetropoulos A, et al. Natural product pharmacology: the British Journal of Pharmacology perspective.. Br J Pharmacol. 2024 181(19):3547-3555. doi:10.1111/bph.17300. PMID: 39128855

Definition

Natural products may be simply defined as chemical substances produced by living organisms. Within the Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, we focus on single compounds (rather than mixtures) where there is validated evidence for biological impact, particularly in humans.

Inclusion Criteria

Natural products will be prioritised for considered in the Guide to PHARMACOLOGY if:

  • They are single molecules (and, rarely, where there are naturally-occurring chiral mixtures)
  • The chemical structure/s are fully defined
  • There is validated (preferably quantitative) evidence for a molecular target or targets through which the biological effects of the purified natural product are mediated

Compounds of undisclosed formulation or undefined mixtures of compounds will not be included.

Data Content

Breakdown of natural product data in GtoPdb:
All Natural products: 502
Natural products (with quantitative interactions): 302
Natural products (Approved Drugs): 73
Natural products (Approved Drugs with quantitative interactions): 38

Cite this page

The information on this page is curated by the GtoPdb curation team at the University of Edinburgh. If the information is useful to you, please cite it by referring to our citation page.

Download all Natural Products as CSV
Natural Products that are approved drugs.
A   B   C   D   E   I   J   K   L   M   N   O   P   Q   R   S   T   V   Y  
Ligand name ID Synonyms
A Back to top
ajmalicine Approved drug PDB Ligand 8746 delta-yohimbine, raubasine, rauvasan, rauwolfia alkaloid
artenimol Approved drug Antimalarial Ligand 9957 DHA, dihydroartemisinin, GNF-Pf-5634
atropine Approved drug 320 Atropen®, hyoscyamine
 
B Back to top
bacitracin A Approved drug 12812
bekanamycin Approved drug PDB Ligand 12182 kanamycin B, nebramycin V
borneol Approved drug 6413 (+)-borneol, camphol, dexborneol, isoborneol
 
C Back to top
caffeine Approved drug PDB Ligand 407 Peyona®
cannabidiol Approved drug PDB Ligand 4150 CBD, Epidiolex®, GWP42003-P, nabiximols (CBD + THC, fixed-dose oral spray), Sativex® (CBD + THC, fixed-dose oral spray)
cantharidin Approved drug 13081 Ycanth® (0.7% solution, single-use topical applicator)
capreomycin IB Approved drug 13256 Capastat®
capsaicin Approved drug PDB Ligand 2486 Qutenza®
chlortetracycline Approved drug PDB Ligand 13537 Aureomycin®
clavulanic acid Approved drug PDB Ligand 11128 BRL-14151, BRL-14151K, BRL14151, clavulanate, MM 14151
cocaine Approved drug PDB Ligand 2286
codeine Approved drug 1673 Codicept®, methylmorphine
colistin Approved drug 10794 Colobreathe®, polymyxin E, Promixin®
crofelemer Approved drug 7453 Fulyzaq®, SP-303
 
D Back to top
daunorubicin Approved drug PDB Ligand 7063 Cerubidine®, daunomycin, FI-6339, NDC-0082-4155, RP-13057
defibrotide Approved drug 9087 Defitelio®
deserpidine Approved drug 7064 Harmonyl®, recanescin
digoxin Approved drug PDB Ligand 4726 Lanoxin®
doxorubicin Approved drug PDB Ligand 7069 Adriamycin®, Caelyx® (liposomal doxorubicin), Doxil®, doxorubicin hydrochloride
 
E Back to top
enviomycin Approved drug 13276 Tuberactin®, tuberactinomycin N
erythromycin Approved drug PDB Ligand 1456 EM-A, E-Mycin®, Erythrocin®, erythromycin-A
 
I Back to top
idarubicin Approved drug PDB Ligand 7083 Idamycin®, IMI-30, Zavedos®
ingenol mebutate Approved drug PDB Ligand 7443 PEP-005, Picato®
 
J Back to top
josamycin Approved drug 12924 kitasamycin A3, leucomycin A3, turimycin A5
 
K Back to top
kanamycin Approved drug PDB Ligand 12132 kanamycin A
 
L Back to top
lovastatin Approved drug PDB Ligand Immunopharmacology Ligand 2739 (+)-mevinolin, 6α-methylcompactin, Mevacor®
 
M Back to top
(-)-menthol Approved drug PDB Ligand 2430 l-menthol, levomenthol
methoxsalen Approved drug PDB Ligand 12457 8-Methoxypsoralen, 8-MOP, xanthotoxin, zanthotoxin
micronomicin Approved drug 12162 gentamicin C2b, Sagamicin®, XK-62-2
midecamycin Approved drug 13158 espinomycin A, platenomycin B1, rubimycin, SF-837, turimycin P3
mithramycin Approved drug PDB Ligand 8394 aureolic acid, Mithracin®, mithramycin A, MMA
mitomycin C Approved drug 7089 Mitosol®, NSC-26980
morphine Approved drug PDB Ligand 1627 morphine sulfate, Ms Contin®, Oramorph®
mycophenolic acid Approved drug PDB Ligand 6832 ERL-080, Myfortic® (mycophenolate sodium)
 
N Back to top
neomycin Approved drug PDB Ligand 709 Neo-Rx®, neomycin sulfate
nicotine Approved drug PDB Ligand 2585 Nicorette®, Nicotrol®
nordihydroguiaretic acid Approved drug 4265 NDGA, Actinex®
novobiocin Approved drug PDB Ligand 12021 Albamycin®, cardelmycin, cathomycin, PA 93, streptonivicin
 
O Back to top
oleandomycin Approved drug 13280 amimycin, landomycin, Matromycin®, P.A.105, Romicil®
omacetaxine mepesuccinate Approved drug PDB Ligand 7454 CGX-635, HHT, homoharringtonine, Myelostat®, Synribo®
ouabain Approved drug PDB Ligand 4826
oxycodone Approved drug PDB Ligand 7093 oxycodone hydrochloride, Roxicodone®
 
P Back to top
paclitaxel Approved drug PDB Ligand 2770 7-epipaclitaxel, Abraxane® (albumin-bound suspension), Taxol®
papaverine Approved drug PDB Ligand 13147 Pavacap®, Pavadyl®
paromomycin Approved drug PDB Ligand 12160 aminosidine, catenulin, Humatin®, monomycin A
phenoxymethylpenicillin Approved drug PDB Ligand 10920 Oracillin®, PC Pen VK®, Pen-V®, penicillin V, Penicillin VK, PNV
physostigmine Approved drug 6598 Antilirium®, eserine, physostigmine salicylate
plitidepsin Approved drug PDB Ligand 11396 Aplidin®, aplidine, Dehydrodidemnin B
podofilox Approved drug PDB Ligand 13598 Condylox®, podophyllotoxin
pristinamycin IA Approved drug 12934 mikamycin B, ostreogrycin B, Pyostacine®, streptogramin B, virginiamycin B
pristinamycin IIA Approved drug PDB Ligand 12933 mikamycin A, ostreogrycin A, Pyostacine®, streptogramin A, virginiamycin M1
 
Q Back to top
quinidine Approved drug PDB Ligand Antimalarial Ligand 2342 Quinaglute®, Quinidex®, quinidine hydrochloride
quinine Approved drug PDB Ligand Antimalarial Ligand 2510 GNF-Pf-506, Qualaquin®, Quinate®, quinine bisulphate, quinine sulfate
 
R Back to top
rescinnamine Approved drug 7098
rifampicin Approved drug PDB Ligand 2765 Rifadin®, rifampin
rifamycin SV Approved drug 4570 Aemcolo®
 
S Back to top
salicylic acid Approved drug PDB Ligand Immunopharmacology Ligand 4306 Bazuka Extra Strength Gel®, salicylate
scopolamine Approved drug PDB Ligand 330 hyoscine, levo-duboisine, Scopoderm®
sisomicin Approved drug PDB Ligand 10858 Antibiotic 66-40, Antibiotic 6640, rickamicin, Sch-13475, Sch13475, sisomycin, Sissomicin
spectinomycin Approved drug PDB Ligand 11127 actinospectacin, M-141, Trobicin®, U-18409, U-18409E, U18409
spiramycin Approved drug PDB Ligand 13312 foromacidin, Rovamycine®
 
T Back to top
Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol Approved drug PDB Ligand 2424 THC, Δ9-THC, Abbott 40566, delta9-THC, Marinol®, tetrahydrocannabinol
theophylline Approved drug PDB Ligand Immunopharmacology Ligand 413 Nuelin®, Slo-Bid®, Theolair®
tobramycin Approved drug PDB Ligand 10930 Bethkis®, Kitabis®, Tobi Podhaler®, Tobradex® (tobramycin + dexamethasone), Vantobra®
trabectedin Approved drug PDB Ligand 2774 ecteinascidin 743, ET-743, Yondelis®
tubocurarine Approved drug 2294 (+)-tubocurarine, d-tubocurarine
 
V Back to top
vancomycin Approved drug 10932 Vancocin®, Vancor®
vincristine Approved drug 6785 22-oxovincaleukoblastine, kyocristine, leurocristine sulfate, NSC-67574, Oncovin®
viomycin Approved drug 13252 celiomycin, florimycin, tuberactinomycin B
 
Y Back to top
yohimbine Approved drug 102 Actibine®, corynine, quebrachin, yohimbin