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IUPHAR/SIF Guide to Natural Products

Quick links: Citing | Ligands

Introduction

Natural products (NPs) offer an invaluable source of biologically active compounds, and are well recognised for their potential in drug discovery and development. However, to realise their potential clinical benefits, extreme care must be taken to ensure consistency and safety throughout the processes from sample selection/collection, isolation methodologies, structure elucidation and biological evaluation. Of critical importance is the thorough validation of the pharmacological profile of any proposed new NP drug. To achieve these objectives IUPHAR (https://iuphar.org/) and the Italian Society of Pharmacology (SIF; https://www.sifweb.org/) are collaborating to provide an expert-driven project to curate NPs as a resource within the Guide to PHARMACOLOGY.

Further reading:

Visioli F. Natural products: Call for hard evidence. Br J Pharmacol. 2024 181(16):3010-3011. doi:10.1111/bph.16437. PMID: 38783822

Wang X, Izzo AA, Papapetropoulos A, et al. Natural product pharmacology: the British Journal of Pharmacology perspective.. Br J Pharmacol. 2024 181(19):3547-3555. doi:10.1111/bph.17300. PMID: 39128855

Definition

Natural products may be simply defined as chemical substances produced by living organisms. Within the Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, we focus on single compounds (rather than mixtures) where there is validated evidence for biological impact, particularly in humans.

Inclusion Criteria

Natural products will be prioritised for considered in the Guide to PHARMACOLOGY if:

  • They are single molecules (and, rarely, where there are naturally-occurring chiral mixtures)
  • The chemical structure/s are fully defined
  • There is validated (preferably quantitative) evidence for a molecular target or targets through which the biological effects of the purified natural product are mediated

Compounds of undisclosed formulation or undefined mixtures of compounds will not be included.

Data Content

Breakdown of natural product data in GtoPdb:
All Natural products: 521
Natural products (with quantitative interactions): 312
Natural products (Approved Drugs): 74
Natural products (Approved Drugs with quantitative interactions): 39

Cite this page

The information on this page is curated by the GtoPdb curation team at the University of Edinburgh. If the information is useful to you, please cite it by referring to our citation page.

Download all Natural Products as CSV
Natural Products that have quantitative interaction data.
A   B   C   D   E   F   G   H   I   J   K   L   M   N   O   P   Q   R   S   T   V   W   Y   Z  
Ligand name ID Synonyms
A Back to top
abscisic acid Immunopharmacology Ligand 10362 (+/-)-(cis,trans)-abscisic acid, (+/-)-Abscisic acid, (RS)-Abscisic acid, ABA
absinthin 12458 (+)-absinthin, absynthin
acacetin 13776 4'-Methoxyapigenin, Apigenin 4'-methyl ether, buddleoflavonol, linarigenin
aconitine 2617
agatoxin 489 2484 AG 489
ajmalicine Approved drug PDB Ligand 8746 delta-yohimbine, raubasine, rauvasan, rauwolfia alkaloid
alcuronium 341
allicin 2419
aloin 12498 aloin A/B
amarogentin 12459
anacardic acid 6999
apicidin Antimalarial Ligand 7495 OSI-2040
apigenin PDB Ligand 4136
aplithianine A PDB Ligand 13089 compound 1 [PMID: 37843072]
arctigenin PDB Ligand 13586 (-)-Arctigenin
arecoline 296 methylarecaiden, methylarecaidin, taeniolin
artepillin C 6302
atropine Approved drug 320 Atropen®, hyoscyamine
 
B Back to top
baicalin PDB Ligand Immunopharmacology Ligand 13076 7-D-glucuronic acid-5,6-dihydroxy-flavone, Baicalein 7-glucuronide, compound 15 [PMID: 37666112]
balanol PDB Ligand 8142 azepinostatin
batrachotoxin 2619
bengalensol 12469
benzosceptrin C 13127 compound 6 [PMID: 20166736]
berberine PDB Ligand 11353 umbellatine
bergapten 12431 5-Methoxypsoralen, 5-MOP, bergaptene, Heraclin, O-Methylbergaptol
beta-gentiobiose 12452 6-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose
betulinic acid PDB Ligand 3945
bicuculline PDB Ligand 2312 bicuculline methiodide
bilobalide 2366
bisandrographolide 2502
borneol Approved drug 6413 (+)-borneol, camphol, dexborneol, isoborneol
borrelidin Antimalarial Ligand 11306 (-)-borrelidin
brucine 342 10,11-dimethoxy strychnine
bryostatin 1 13773 NSC-339555
bufotenine 144 5-OH-DMT, dimethylserotonin, DM5-HT, N,N-dimethyl-5-HT, N,N-dimethylserotonin
 
C Back to top
caffeine Approved drug PDB Ligand 407 Peyona®
calyculin A 13083 (-)-calyculin A, hemicalyculin A
camphor 2422 2-bornanone, 2-camphanone, bornan-2-one
cannabichromene 11093 (+/-)-Cannabichromene, cannabichrome, CBC
cannabidiol Approved drug PDB Ligand 4150 CBD, Epidiolex®, GWP42003-P, nabiximols (CBD + THC, fixed-dose oral spray), Sativex® (CBD + THC, fixed-dose oral spray)
cannabigerol 11094 CBG
cannabigeroquinone 13406 CBGQ, phytocannabinoid 14 [PMID: 38408345], VCE-003
cantharidin Approved drug 13081 Ycanth® (0.7% solution, single-use topical applicator)
capsaicin Approved drug PDB Ligand 2486 Qutenza®
carvacrol PDB Ligand 2497
carveol 6417 L-carveol
celastrol PDB Ligand Immunopharmacology Ligand 10386 compound 2 [PMID: 28621943]
chaetocin 8388
chelerythrine PDB Ligand 5953 broussonpapyrine, cheleritrine, chelerythrine hydroxide, toddalin
chlorogenic acid 12477 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid, caffeoyl quinic acid, chlorogenate
chrysin PDB Ligand 8789 NSC-407436
cimifugin 12555 Cimitin
citibrasine 8561 compound 7 [PMID: 21277783]
citral PDB Ligand 6327 citral a, geranial, geranialdehyde, trans-citral
Citrusinine II 11377 Citrusinine-II, compound 5 [PMID: 21277783]
cladosporin PDB Ligand Antimalarial Ligand 10247 asperentin
7α-Cl-ginkgolide B 1840 7α-Cl-GB
cocaine Approved drug PDB Ligand 2286
codeine Approved drug 1673 Codicept®, methylmorphine
cohumulone 12422 (+/-)-cohumulone
compound 11 [PMID: 30694059] 13327 compound 1 [PMID: 23180340]
compound 5 [PMID: 10869194] 8843
conessine 8981
convolidine 13881
correolide 2555
cortistatin A PDB Ligand 9885 (+)-cortistatin A, 17-epi-cortistatin A
coumestrol PDB Ligand 12437
crofelemer Approved drug 7453 Fulyzaq®, SP-303
cucurbitacin B 12432 (+)-Cucurbitacin B, Amarine, Datisca principle B
curcumin PDB Ligand 7000
cyclopamine PDB Ligand 10328 11-Deoxyjervine
cyclothialidine 10988 Ro 09-1437
 
D Back to top
D-(-)-Amygdalin 12451 amygdaloside, D-amygdalin, glucoprunasin, isoamygdalin
datiscetin PDB Ligand 12440
dendrophenol 13780 compound 24 [PMID: 34931827], moscatilin
14-Deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide Immunopharmacology Ligand 13464 ddA (14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide)
1-deoxynojirimycin PDB Ligand 4642 AT-2220, duvoglustat, S-GI
digoxin Approved drug PDB Ligand 4726 Lanoxin®
dihydroergocristine 278
dimethyltryptamine PDB Ligand 141 DMT, N,N-dimethyltryptamine
diosmetin PDB Ligand 13861 luteolin 4-methyl ether
domoic acid PDB Ligand 4181 domoate, NSC 288031
doxorubicin Approved drug PDB Ligand 7069 Adriamycin®, Caelyx® (liposomal doxorubicin), Doxil®, doxorubicin hydrochloride
D-phenyllactic acid PDB Ligand 12418 (-)-3-Phenyllactic acid, (S)-phenyllactic acid, D-PLA
dysiherbaine PDB Ligand 4185
 
E Back to top
(E)-beta-caryophyllene 13282 (-)-(E)-Caryophyllene, (-)-trans-Caryophyllene, (E)-β-caryophyllene (BCP)
(-)-Epicatechin PDB Ligand 12497 (2R,3R)-(-)-Epicatechin, epi-Catechin, epi-Catechol, L-Epicatechin
epicatechin gallate 12462 (-)-Epicatechin gallate, (-)-Epicatechin-3-O-gallate, epicatechin monogallate, L-Epicatechin gallate
epigallocatechin PDB Ligand 12461 (-)-EGC, (-)-Epigallocatechin
epigallocatechin-3-gallate PDB Ligand 7002 EGCG, EGCG, epigallocatechin gallate
7-epi-ginkgolide C 1848 7-epi-GC
(±)-Equol 12441 (+/-)-Equol, (R,S)-Equol
α-ergocryptine 271
erianin PDB Ligand 13781
(+/-)-Eriodictyol 12442
eriodictyol chalcone 12443 2',3,4,4',6'-Pentahydroxychalcone, Eriodictyolchalcone
erythromycin Approved drug PDB Ligand 1456 EM-A, E-Mycin®, Erythrocin®, erythromycin-A
esculetin PDB Ligand 5180 6,7-dihydroxycoumarin, aesculetin, cichorigenin
eucalyptol 2464
eugenol PDB Ligand 2425
eupatorin 13862
 
F Back to top
farnesol 3215 FCI 119a
fascaplysin 5969
7α-F-ginkgolide B 1841 7α-F-GB
flavone PDB Ligand 409
forsythiaside 13770 Forsythiaside A
forsythoside B Immunopharmacology Ligand 10303
fosmidomycin PDB Ligand Antimalarial Ligand 9739 FR-31564
 
G Back to top
galangin PDB Ligand 410 3,5,7-trihydroxyflavone, 3,5,7-triOH-flavone, norizalpinin, NSC-407229
gallic acid PDB Ligand 5549 pyrogallol-5-carboxylic acid
gamma-valerolactone 13648 γ-valerolactone, 4-Valerolactone
garcinoic acid 10734 tocotrienoloic acid, trans-delta-tocotrienoloic acid
garcinol 7001
geldanamycin PDB Ligand 9829
genistein PDB Ligand 2826 5,7,4'-trihydroxyisoflavone
geraniol PDB Ligand 2467
ginkgolide A 1861
ginkgolide B 1862 GKB, BN 52021
ginkgolide C 1863 BN 52022
ginkgolide J 1864
ginsenoside Rg3 7658 (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3
goitrin 12495 (±)-goitrin, DL-Goitrin
gomisin N 13774 ( )-Schisandrin B, Deoxygomisin A, gamma-schizandrin, Wuweizisu B
grandinin 12436
grassystatin A 8674
grassystatin G 13882
grifolic acid 5588 ilicicolinic acid B
grifolic acid methyl ether 5589
grosheimin 12468 grossheimin
guggulsterone 2745 E-guggulsterone, guggulsterones E, pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione
 
H Back to top
harmaline 13140
harmine PDB Ligand Immunopharmacology Ligand 9352
hematoxylin 13599 (+)-haematoxylin, haematoxylin, hydroxybrasilin, hydroxybrazilin
himbacine 324
homoeriodictyol 12444 (+/-)-5,7,4'-Trihydroxy-3'-methoxyflavanone, (+/-)-Homoeriodictyol
honokiol PDB Ligand 11610
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde PDB Ligand 13597
3β-hydroxydihydrocostunolide 12472
6-Hydroxy-5,7-dimethoxyflavone Immunopharmacology Ligand 9878 UFM-24, UFM24
5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furfural PDB Ligand 10939 5HMF
hymeglusin 5886 antibiotic 1233A, F-244, L-659,699
hyperforin 2764
hypoglaucin A 842 (-)-hypoglaucine A
 
I Back to top
ibogaine PDB Ligand 13148 (-)-Ibogaine, (5β)-12-methoxyibogamine, 12-Methoxyibogamine
ibotenic acid 1371 ibotenate
icariin 13728
ingenol mebutate Approved drug PDB Ligand 7443 PEP-005, Picato®
irigenol 11564 compound 4 [PMID: 28621943], UI1956
(-)-isatispironeol A 13775 compound 1b [PMID: 36758886]
Isochlorogenic acid A 12548 3,5-DCQA, 3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid
Isochlorogenic acid B 12549 3,4-Dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,4-DICQA
isosakuranetin 10299 4'-Methylnaringenin, naringenin 4'-methyl ether
 
J Back to top
jobosic acid 13405 compound 1 [PMID: 38781491]
juglone PDB Ligand 13647
 
K Back to top
K-252a 336 K252a, ST50826373, staurosporine aglycone
kaempferol PDB Ligand 11052 Robigenin
kainate 4231
kallstroemin D 843
kuwanon H 622 kuwanone H
 
L Back to top
lactucopicrin 12499 lactopicrin, lactupicrin
lavendustin A 13719 RG-14355, RG14355
linalool 2469
(S)-liquiritigenin PDB Ligand Immunopharmacology Ligand 8899
lobeline PDB Ligand 13498 α-lobeline, (-)-lobeline
lovastatin Approved drug PDB Ligand Immunopharmacology Ligand 2739 (+)-mevinolin, 6α-methylcompactin, Mevacor®
lupulone 12445 beta-Bitter acid, beta-Lupulic acid, Lupolon
luteolin PDB Ligand Antimalarial Ligand 5215
lysergic acid 139 (+)-lysergic acid, D-lysergic acid, isolysergic acid
 
M Back to top
malvidin-3-glucoside 12427 Enin, Malvidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside, Malvidin 3-O-glucoside, Oenin
mangiferin PDB Ligand 13843
mangostanin PDB Ligand 13468 9-Hydroxycalabaxanthone
α-mangostin PDB Ligand 13469 alpha-mangostin
manoalide 13677 MC-13
(-)-menthol Approved drug PDB Ligand 2430 l-menthol, levomenthol
mescaline PDB Ligand 13139 3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenethylamine, mescalin, mezcalin, Tmpea
methoxsalen Approved drug PDB Ligand 12457 8-Methoxypsoralen, 8-MOP, xanthotoxin, zanthotoxin
6-Methylflavone 12466 6-methyl-2-phenylchromen-4-one
micheliolide 13701
microcystin-LR 4735 toxin-LR
mitragynine 13149 (-)-Mitragynine
moracin M 13466
morin PDB Ligand 411 aurantica, calico yellow, toxylon pomiferum
morphine Approved drug PDB Ligand 1627 morphine sulfate, Ms Contin®, Oramorph®
mycophenolic acid Approved drug PDB Ligand 6832 ERL-080, Myfortic® (mycophenolate sodium)
myricetin PDB Ligand 13074 3,3',4',5,5',7-hexahydroxyflavone, cannabiscetin
 
N Back to top
naringenin 10298 BE-14348A, naringetol
neomycin Approved drug PDB Ligand 709 Neo-Rx®, neomycin sulfate
neorauflavane 13514
7α-N3-ginkgolide B 1842 7α-N3-GB
7α-NHEt-ginkgolide B 1844 7α-NHEt-GB
7α-NH2-ginkgolide B 1843 7α-NH2-GB
7α-NHMe-ginkgolide B 1845 7α-NHMe-GB
nicotine Approved drug PDB Ligand 2585 Nicorette®, Nicotrol®
nobiletin 12446 Hexamethoxyflavone
novobiocin Approved drug PDB Ligand 12021 Albamycin®, cardelmycin, cathomycin, PA 93, streptonivicin
 
O Back to top
7α-OAc-ginkgolide B 1846 7α-OAc-GB
10-OBn-epi-ginkgolide C 1838 10-OBn-epi-GC
10-OBn-7α-F-gingkolide B 1835 10-OBn-7α-F-GB, compound 17 [PMID: 12570381]
10-OBn-ginkgolide B 1836 10-OBn-GB
10-OBn-ginkgolide C 1837 10-OBn-GC
7α-OCOCH2Ph-ginkgolide B 1847 7α-OCOCH2Ph-GB
okadaic acid PDB Ligand 5349
oleanolic acid 3306 oleanic acid
oleocanthal 6308 (-)-oleocanthal
oleuropein 11027
oligoporin D 13863 compound 3 [PMID: 39945763]
oridonin 13088 lasidonin, rubescensin A
oroxylin A Immunopharmacology Ligand 13522
osthole PDB Ligand Immunopharmacology Ligand 10302 7-Methoxy-8-isopentenylcoumarin, osthol
oxoglaucine 12559 O-Methylatheroline
 
P Back to top
paclitaxel Approved drug PDB Ligand 2770 7-epipaclitaxel, Abraxane® (albumin-bound suspension), Taxol®
papaverine Approved drug PDB Ligand 13147 Pavacap®, Pavadyl®
parthenolide PDB Ligand 12428 (-)-Parthenolide
Phenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside 12455 Aryl beta-D-glucoside, Phenyl beta-D-glucopyranoside, Phenyl beta-D-glucoside
phenylthiocarbamide PDB Ligand 12496 1-Phenylthiourea, N-Phenylthiourea, phenylthiourea
phloretin PDB Ligand 4285
phlorizin PDB Ligand 4757
physostigmine Approved drug 6598 Antilirium®, eserine, physostigmine salicylate
phytocannabinoid 6 [PMID: 38408345] 13407 6′-Hydroxy-Δ7′,8′-dihydrocannabigerol
picrotoxin 4051
picrotoxinin PDB Ligand 2291
plumbagin PDB Ligand 7003 RTK1
polyphyllin H 13592
6-prenylnaringenin 12585 (2S)-6-Prenylnaringenin
pristimerin 13530 celastrol methyl ester
Procyanidin C2 12426 Procyanidin trimer C2
pseudochelerythrine PDB Ligand 11563 compound 1 [PMID: 28621943], sanguinarin, Sanguinarine
psilocin PDB Ligand 11291
puerarin PDB Ligand 12553 Daidzein-8-C-glucoside, Kakonein
punicalagin 13430
puromycin PDB Ligand 13311 achromycin
pyrogallol PDB Ligand 13596 Pyrogallic acid
 
Q Back to top
quercetin PDB Ligand 5346
quinidine Approved drug PDB Ligand Antimalarial Ligand 2342 Quinaglute®, Quinidex®, quinidine hydrochloride
quinine Approved drug PDB Ligand Antimalarial Ligand 2510 GNF-Pf-506, Qualaquin®, Quinate®, quinine bisulphate, quinine sulfate
 
R Back to top
rauwolscine 136 α-yohimbine, corynanthidine, isoyohimbine, mesoyohimbine
resiniferatoxin PDB Ligand 2491 RTX
resveratrol PDB Ligand Immunopharmacology Ligand 8741 3,4',5-stilbenetriol, 3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene, trans-resveratrol
rifampicin Approved drug PDB Ligand 2765 Rifadin®, rifampin
rifamycin Approved drug 4570 Aemcolo®, rifamycin SV
rottlerin 2611 mallotoxin
 
S Back to top
sakuranetin PDB Ligand 412 4',5-dihydroxy-7-methoxyflavanone
salicin PDB Ligand 12454 D-(-)-Salicin, salicyl alcohol glucoside
salicylic acid Approved drug PDB Ligand Immunopharmacology Ligand 4306 Bazuka Extra Strength Gel®, salicylate
salidroside 13729 rhodioloside, rhodosin
salvianolic acid A Immunopharmacology Ligand 13093 Dan Phenolic Acid A, Danshen, Sal A
salvianolic acid B 13515 danfensuan B, SalB
salvinorin A 1666 divinorin A
Sanglifehrin A PDB Ligand 13322
santonin 12448 (-)-Santonin, alpha-Santonin, L-alpha-Santonin, Semenen
sarsagenin 13593 parigenin, sarsasapogenin, smilagenin
saxitoxin PDB Ligand 2625
schisandrin A 2769 (-)-deoxyschisandrin, (-)-dimethylgomisin J, deoxyschizandrin, schizandrin-A
scopolamine Approved drug PDB Ligand 330 hyoscine, levo-duboisine, Scopoderm®
scutellarein 12463 5,6,7,4'-Tetrahydroxyflavone, 6-Hydroxyapigenin
sesamin 11372 D-(+)-Sesamin, Fagarol
silibinin 12449 Silibinin A, Silybin, Silymarine I
sinefungin PDB Ligand 13317
staurosporine PDB Ligand 346 (+)-staurosporine, antibiotic 230, antibiotic AM-2282
stevioside 12423 rebaudin, steviosin
streptonigrin 8683 bruneomycin, nigrin, NSC-45383, rufocromomycin, valacidin
strychnine PDB Ligand 347 sanaseed, strychnin
 
T Back to top
tagitinin A 8701
talaroterphenyl A 13465 compound 1 [PMID: 38943602]
tanshinone IIA 13771 salviol IIA, Tanshinone B
Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol Approved drug PDB Ligand 2424 THC, Δ9-THC, Abbott 40566, delta9-THC, Marinol®, tetrahydrocannabinol
tetrahydrocannabivarin PDB Ligand 6418 THC-V, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin, Δ9-THCV, delta9-THCV, THCV
tetrandrine Approved drug 11859 (+)-Tetrandrine, (S,S)-Tetrandrine, D-Tetrandrine, fanchinin, Tetrandrin
tetrodotoxin 2616 TTX
tetronothiodin 910
theaflavin 12464 (-)-Theaflavin, Theaflavine
theaflavin-3′-O-gallate 12465 Theaflavin monogallate
thebaine PDB Ligand 13146 codeine methyl enol ether, paramorphine
theophylline Approved drug PDB Ligand Immunopharmacology Ligand 413 Nuelin®, Slo-Bid®, Theolair®
(-)-α-thujone 5344 α-thujone
thymol PDB Ligand 2499
tirotundin 8700
tobramycin Approved drug PDB Ligand 10930 Bethkis®, Kitabis®, Tobi Podhaler®, Tobradex® (tobramycin + dexamethasone), Vantobra®
toddacoumalone Immunopharmacology Ligand 13467 compound 8 [PMID: 24597921]
tonantzitlolone 10287
trabectedin Approved drug PDB Ligand 2774 ecteinascidin 743, ET-743, Yondelis®
trans-2-methylcrotonic acid 6499 tiglic acid
trilobatin Immunopharmacology Ligand 13073 phloretin-4'-O-glucoside, prunin dihydrochalcone
trodusquemine 9733 MSI-1436, MSI1436
tryptanthrin 8224 couroupitine a, GNF-PF-2691
tubocurarine Approved drug 2294 (+)-tubocurarine, d-tubocurarine
 
V Back to top
vanillin PDB Ligand 6412 vanilla
veratridine 2626 3-veratroylveracevine, veratrine
verbascoside 12550 acteoside, kusaginin, Reh-acteoside
vialinin A 8669 ganbajunin C
vincamine 349 vincamidol
visnagin 433 desmethoxykhellin
 
W Back to top
waixenicin A 6359
wedelolactone 5551
withaferin A 13097
withanone 13098 6,7-epoxy-5,17-dihydroxy-1-oxowitha-2,24-dienolide, compound 11 [PMID: 30776236]
wortmannin PDB Ligand 6060 antibiotic SL-2052, KY 12420
 
Y Back to top
(+)-Yanhusanine B 13569 (+)-(9S)-Yanhusanine B
YM-254890 9335 YM254890
yohimbine Approved drug 102 Actibine®, corynine, quebrachin, yohimbin
 
Z Back to top
zaragozic acid A PDB Ligand 3057 L 694599, L-694599, squalestatin, squalestatin 1, squalestatin S1
zaragozic acid B 6061
zaragozic acid C 3073